Stacked cushions

ABSTRACT

Stacked cushions, cushioning elements thereof, materials and processes for making the same are disclosed.

PRIORITY

[0001] This patent application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/059,101 filed on Nov. 8, 2001, now ______, which is a continuation-in-part of Untied States patent application Ser. No. 09/303,919 filed May 3,1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,458, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/968,750 filed on Aug. 13,1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,026,527, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/601,374 filed on Feb. 14,1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,111, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/783,413 filed on Jan. 10,1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,450 and priority to and benefit of each of the foregoing is claimed. This patent application is also a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/059,101 filed on Nov. 8, 2001, now ______, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/932,393 field on Aug. 17, 2001, now ______, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/303,979 filed on May 3,1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,458, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/226,726 filed on Aug. 18, 2000, and priority to and benefit of each of the foregoing is claimed.

BACKGROUND

[0002] This subject matter herein invention relates to the field of cushioning devices, gelatinous elastomers and devices made therefrom. More particularly, some embodiments relate to a cushion or cushioning device made in whole or in part of gelatinous elastomer, gelatinous visco elastomer, and the elastomers themselves, methods for making any of the foregoing, and structures made from the foregoing and other cushioning structures and other devices including gelatinous elastomers.

SUMMARY

[0003] Various cushioning devices and materials are disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004]FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of the cushion as part of an office chair.

[0005]FIG. 2 depicts one embodiment of the cushion including its cushioning element and cover.

[0006]FIG. 3 depicts a cutaway of one embodiment of the cushion of FIG. 1 at 3-3.

[0007]FIG. 4 depicts a mold which may be used to manufacture one embodiment of the cushion.

[0008]FIG. 5 depicts an alternative mold for manufacturing one embodiment of the cushion.

[0009]FIG. 6 depicts a cross sectional view of a cushion manufactured using the mold of FIG. 5.

[0010]FIG. 7 depicts an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the cushion.

[0011]FIG. 8 depicts a top view of an alternative embodiment of the cushion.

[0012]FIG. 9 depicts an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the cushion.

[0013]FIG. 10 depicts a top view of an alternative embodiment of the cushion.

[0014]FIG. 11 depicts a cross sectional view of a column of an example cushion during buckling.

[0015]FIG. 12 depicts a cross sectional view of a column of an example cushion during another mode of buckling.

[0016]FIG. 13 depicts forces in play as an example cushion buckles.

[0017]FIG. 14 depicts an alternative structure for a column and its walls.

[0018]FIG. 15 depicts a. cross section of a cushion using alternating stepped columns.

[0019]FIG. 16 depicts am alternative embodiment of the cushioning element having gas bubbles within the cushioning media.

[0020]FIG. 17 depicts an example cushion in use with a combination base and container.

[0021]FIG. 18 depicts an example cushion having side wall reinforcements to support the cushioning element.

[0022]FIG. 19 depicts an example cushioning element having a girdle or strap about its periphery to support the cushioning element.

[0023]FIG. 20 depicts an example cushioning element with closed column tops and bottoms and fluid or other cushioning media contained within the column interiors.

[0024]FIG. 21 depicts an example cushioning element with firmness protrusions placed within the column interiors.

[0025]FIG. 22 is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element which include multiple individual cushioning units.

[0026]FIG. 23a is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element in which a first cushioning medium is contained within a second cushioning medium.

[0027]FIG. 23b is a cross section taken along line 23 b-23 b of FIG. 23a.

[0028]FIG. 23c is a frontal perspective view of an alternate configuration of the embodiment shown in FIG. 23a.

[0029]FIG. 23d is a cross section taken along line 23 d-23 d of FIG. 23c.

[0030]FIG. 24a is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element in which the! outer surfaces of the cushioning medium are covered with a coating.

[0031]FIG. 24b is a cross section taken along line 24 b-24 b of FIG. 24a.

[0032]FIG. 25a is a perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element, wherein the cushion includes multiple sets of parallel columns and wherein each column intersects no columns of another parallel column set or columns of only one other set.

[0033]FIG. 25b is a cross section taken along line 25 b-25 b of FIG. 25a.

[0034]FIG. 25c is a cross section taken along line 25 c-25 c of FIG. 25a.

[0035]FIG. 25d is a perspective view of an alternative configuration of the embodiment shown in FIG. 25a, wherein each column may intersect columns of any number of the other parallel column sets.

[0036]FIG. 25e is a cross section taken along line 25 e-25 e of FIG. 25d.

[0037]FIG. 25f is a cross section taken along line 25 f-25 f of FIG. 25d.

[0038]FIG. 26 is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element wherein the cushion has multiple sets of parallel narrow columns.

[0039]FIG. 27a is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element which includes multiple sets of parallel columns and cavities formed in the column walls.

[0040]FIG. 27b is a cross section taken along line 27 b-27 b of FIG. 27a.

[0041]FIG. 27c is a cross section taken along line 27 c-27 c of FIG. 27a.

[0042]FIG. 28 is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element which has a contoured surface and includes columns of more than one height.

[0043]FIG. 29 is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element wherein the cushioning medium is foamed.

[0044]FIG. 30a is a frontal perspective view of an embodiment of the cushioning element wherein the column walls are formed from numerous short tubular pieces, which create voids in the column walls.

[0045]FIG. 30b is a frontal perspective view of an alternative configuration of the cushioning element shown in FIG. 30a, wherein the column walls include voids created by extracting space consuming objects therefrom following molding of the cushioning medium.

[0046]FIG. 31a depicts a carbon atom and its covalent bonding sites.

[0047]FIG. 31b depicts a hydrogen atom and its covalent bonding site.

[0048]FIG. 31c depicts a four carbon hydrocarbon molecule known as butane.

[0049]FIG. 32a depicts a triblock copolymer useful in a cushioning medium.

[0050]FIG. 32b depicts the triblock copolymer of FIG. 32a in a relaxed state.

[0051]FIG. 33a depicts the chemical structure of a styrene molecule.

[0052]FIG. 33b depicts the chemical structure of a benzene molecule.

[0053]FIG. 33c depicts the chemical structure of an aryl group.

[0054]FIG. 33d depicts, the chemical structure of an-enyl group.

[0055]FIG. 33e depicts the chemical structure of an ethenyl group.

[0056]FIG. 33f depicts the chemical structure of a propenyl group.

[0057]FIG. 34a depicts a midblock (B) of the triblock copolymer of FIG. 32a. 8

[0058]FIG. 34b depicts an endblock (A) of the triblock copolymer of FIG. 32a.

[0059]FIG. 34c depicts the weak bonding between the monomer unites of one or more midblocks (B) of the triblock copolymer of FIG. 32a.

[0060]FIG. 34d depicts an endblock (A) of the triblock copolymer of FIG. 32a, showing the endblock (A) in a relaxed state.

[0061]FIG. 35a depicts the chemical structure of hydrocarbon molecules known as alkanes.

[0062]FIG. 35b depicts the chemical structure of hydrocarbon molecules known as alkenes.

[0063]FIG. 35c depicts the chemical structure of hydrocarbon molecules known as alkynes.

[0064]FIG. 35d depicts the chemical structure of a hydrocarbon molecule known as a conjugated diene.

[0065]FIG. 35e depicts the chemical structure of a hydrocarbon molecule known as an isolated diene.

[0066]FIG. 36a depicts the chemical structure of a poly(ethylene/butylene) molecule.

[0067]FIG. 36b depicts the chemical structure of a poly(ethylene/propylene) molecule.

[0068]FIG. 36c depicts the chemical structure of a 1,3-butadiene molecule.

[0069]FIG. 36d depicts the chemical structure of an isoprene molecule.

[0070]FIG. 37a depicts polystyrene-poly(ethylene/butylene)-polystyrene.

[0071]FIG. 37b depicts polystyrene-poly(ethylene/propylene)-polystyrene.

[0072]FIG. 37c depicts polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene.

[0073]FIG. 37d depicts polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene.

[0074]FIG. 37e depicts polystyrene-poly(isoprene+butadiene)-polystyrene.

[0075]FIG. 37f depicts polystyrene-poly (ethylene/butylene+ethylene/propylene)-polystyrene.

[0076]FIG. 38a depicts the chemical structure of polystyrene-poly(ethylene/butylene+ethylene/propylene)-polystyrene.

[0077]FIG. 38b depicts the group of the triblock copolymers of FIG. 321a, showing weak attraction of the endblocks to each other.

[0078]FIG. 39a illustrates plasticizer association with the group of triblock copolymers of FIG. 38b.

[0079]FIG. 39b illustrates the lubricity theory of plasticization, showing two midblocks (B) moving away from each other.

[0080]FIG. 39c illustrates the lubricity theory of plasticization, showing two midblocks (B) moving toward each other.

[0081]FIG. 39d illustrates the lubricity theory of plasticization, showing two midblocks (B) moving across each other.

[0082]FIG. 39e illustrates the gel theory of plasticization, showing a weak attraction between two midblocks (B) when plasticizer is not present.

[0083]FIG. 39f illustrates the gel theory of plasticization, showing a plasticizer molecule breaking the weak attraction of FIG. 39e.

[0084]FIG. 39g illustrates the mechanistic theory of plasticization, showing an equilibrium of plasticizer breaking the weak attraction of midblocks (B) for each other.

[0085]FIG. 39h illustrates the free volume theory of plasticization, showing the free space associated with a midblock (B).

[0086]FIG. 39i illustrates the theory of FIG. 39h, showing that as small plasticizer molecules are added, the free space in a given area increases.

[0087]FIG. 39j illustrates the theory of FIG. 39h, showing the even small plasticizers provide an even greater amount of free space.

[0088]FIG. 40a depicts the use of an extruder to perform a method for foaming gel cushioning media.

[0089]FIG. 40b depicts the use of an injection molding machine to perform a method for foaming a gel cushioning media.

[0090]FIG. 41 depicts an embodiment of a cushioning element, wherein a plurality of tubes are bonded together to form the cushion.

[0091]FIG. 42 depicts a method for bonding the individual tubes of FIG. 41 together to form the cushioning element shown therein.

[0092]FIG. 43 depicts cut foam bun of step 1.

[0093]FIG. 44 depicts cut foam bun of step 2.

[0094]FIG. 45 depicts cut foam bun of step 3.

[0095]FIG. 46 depicts bonded foam of step 4.

[0096]FIG. 47 depicts insertion of side support pieces of step 5.

[0097]FIG. 48 depicts top view of bottom core piece.

[0098]FIG. 51 depicts cut foam bun of step 1.

[0099]FIG. 52a depicts separated foam of step 2.

[0100]FIG. 52b depicts aligned foam of step 3.

[0101]FIG. 53 depicts bonded foam of step 4.

[0102]FIG. 54 depicts compressed foam rail.

[0103]FIG. 55 depicts foam and gellycomb cross-section.

[0104]FIG. 56 depicts foam and gellycomb with pillow-top layer in cross-section.

[0105]FIG. 57 depicts foam and gellycomb with two pillow-top layers in cross-section.

[0106]FIG. 58 depicts foam and gellycomb cross-section.

[0107]FIG. 59 depicts foam and gellycomb with gellycomb comfort layer cross-section.

[0108]FIG. 60a depicts side view with foam inserted.

[0109]FIG. 60b depicts side view of foam construction.

[0110]FIG. 60c depicts front view of foam construction.

[0111]FIG. 61 depicts foam insertion of step 1.

[0112]FIG. 62 depicts a cut-away view of foam.

[0113]FIG. 63 depicts gellycomb pillow-top layer.

[0114]FIG. 64 depicts gellycomb pillow-top layer with two layers.

[0115]FIG. 65 depicts foam construction.

[0116]FIG. 66 depicts foam construction.

[0117]FIG. 67a depicts the no tool assembly.

[0118]FIG. 67b depicts the no tool assembly of step 1.

[0119]FIG. 67c depicts folded down sides of step 2.

[0120]FIG. 67d depicts snapped corners of step 3.

[0121]FIG. 67e depicts loam construction.

[0122]FIG. 68a depicts flat construction.

[0123]FIG. 68b depicts folded down construction.

[0124]FIG. 69a depicts top view.

[0125]FIG. 69b depicts front view.

[0126]FIG. 69c depicts end view.

[0127]FIG. 70 depicts quilted top with fiber and gel elastomer layer.

[0128]FIG. 71 depicts quilted top with fiber and two gel elastomer layers.

[0129]FIG. 72 depicts quilted top with fiber and foam and thicker gel elastomer layer.

[0130]FIG. 73 depicts quilted top with fiber and one thin gel elastomer layer and one thick gel elastomer layer.

[0131]FIG. 74 depicts quilted top with fiber, two thin gel elastomer layers and one thick gel elastorrier layer.

[0132]FIG. 75 depicts quilted top with fiber, one thin gel elastomer layer, and polyurethane foam.

[0133]FIG. 76 depicts quilted top with fiber, two thin gel elastomer layers, and polyurethane

[0134]FIG. 77 depicts quilted top with fiber, one thin gel elastomer layer, and high-grade visco-foam.

[0135]FIG. 78 depicts quilted top with fiber, one thin gel elastomer layer, and spring unit.

[0136]FIG. 79 depicts quilted top with fiber, two thin gel elastomer layers, and spring unit.

[0137]FIG. 80 depicts quilted top with fiber and foam, thick gel elastomer layer, and spring unit

[0138]FIG. 81 depicts quilted top with fiber, thin gel elastomer layer, and latex foam.

[0139]FIG. 82 depicts quilted top with fiber, latex topper, and thick gel elastomer layer.

[0140]FIG. 83 depicts quilted top with fiber, latex foam, and thick gel elastomer layer.

[0141]FIG. 84 depicts quilted top with fiber, polyurethane foam, and thick gel elastomer layer.

[0142]FIG. 85 depicts quilted top with fiber, pillow-soft polyurethane foam, and thick gel elastomer.

[0143]FIG. 86 depicts inserted molten material.

[0144]FIG. 87 depicts pearlized chintz quilt with foam and fiber; Intellifoam; and non-skid fabric.

[0145]FIG. 88 depicts pearlized chintz pillow-top with foam convoluted foam and fiber; Intelli-foam; and non-skid :fabric.

[0146]FIG. 89 depicts Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber; SuperSoft latex; Intellifoam; and Belgian damask tick.

[0147]FIG. 90 depicts Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber; SuperSoft Latex; Intellifoam; Firmsoft; and Belgian damask tick.

[0148]FIG. 91 depicts Belgian damask quilt with Supersoft fiber; SuperSoft latex; IntelLatex; Intelli-loam; and Belgian damask tick.

[0149]FIG. 92 depicts Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber; Intelli-Gel; and Belgian damask: tick.

[0150]FIG. 93 depicts Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber; Intelli-foam; Intelli-Gel; and Belgian Damask Tick.

[0151]FIG. 94 depicts pearlized chintz quilt with foam and fiber; Intelli-foam; springs; and non-skid fabric.

[0152]FIG. 95 depicts Belgian damask quilt with Supersoft fiber; IntelLatex; springs; and Belgian Damask tick.

[0153]FIG. 96 depicts stretch knit cover; Memory-foam; and Intelli-foam.

[0154]FIG. 97 depicts stretch knit cover; SuperSoft latex; and IntelLatex.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0155] A. Configuration of the Cushions

[0156]FIG. 1 depicts a cushioned object 101, in this instance a human being, atop of a piece of furniture 102, in this instance a chair, which includes the cushion 103. Although in this embodiment, the cushion 103 is depicted as part of an office chair, the cushion may be used with many types of products, including furniture such as sofas, love seats, kitchen chairs, mattresses, lawn furniture, automobile seats, theatre seats, padding found beneath carpet, padded walls for isolation rooms, padding for exercise equipment, wheelchair cushions, bed mattresses, and others.

[0157] Referring to FIG. 2, the cushion 103 of FIG. 1 is depicted in greater detail. The cushion 103 includes a cover 204. An example cover is a durable and attractive fabric, such as nylon, cotton, fleece, synthetic polyester or another suitable material which may be stretchable and elastic and which readily permits the flow of air through it to enhance ventilation of a cushioned object. Within the cover 204, a cushioning element 205 is to be found. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the cushioning element 205 comprises a cushioning media of a desired shape. In the embodiment depicted, the cushioning element 205 includes gel cushioning media formed generally into a rectangle with four sides, a top and a bottom, with the top and bottom being oriented toward the top and bottom of the page, respectively. The cushioning element has within its structure a plurality of hollow columns 206. As depicted, the hollow columns 206 contain only air. The hollow columns 206 are open to the atmosphere and therefore readily permit air circulation through them, through the cover 204 fabric, and to the cushioned object. The columns 206 have column walls 207 which in the embodiment depicted are hexagonal in configuration. The total volume of the cushioning element may be occupied by not more than about 50% gel cushioning media, and that the rest of the volume of the cushioning element will be gas or air. The total volume of the cushioning element may be occupied by as little as about 9% cushioning media, and the rest of the volume of the cushion will be ;gas or air. This yields a lightweight cushion with a low overall rate of thermal transfer and a law overall thermal mass. It is not necessary that this percentage be complied with in every instance.

[0158] Referring to FIG. 3, a cushioned object 101, in this instance a human being, is depicted being cushioned by the cushion 103 which includes cushioning element 205 within cover 204. Also visible is a cushion base 301 of a rigid material such as wood, metal, plastic on which the cushioning element 205 rests. The cushioning element 206 includes hollow columns 206 with walls 207. It can be seen that beneath the most protruding portion of the cushioned object, in this instance a hip bone 302, the hollow columns 303 have walls 304 which have partially or completely buckled in order to accommodate the protuberance 302 and avoid creating a high pressure point below the protuberance 302 in response to the compressive force exerted by the cushioned object. Buckled columns offer little resistance to deformation, thus removing pressure from the hip bone; area. It can also be seen that in portions of the cushioning element 205 which are not under the protuberance 302, the cushioning media which forms the walls 304 of the hollow columns 303 has compressed but the columns 303 have not buckled, thus loading the cushioned object across the broad surface area of its non-protruding portions. The cushion is yieldable as a result of the compressibility of the cushioning media and the bucklability of the columns (or column walls). The cushion 103 is depicted as having been manufactured using the mold depicted in FIG. 4. It can be seen from this cushion's response to a compressive force exerted by the cushioned object that the cushion and the cushioning element are adapted to have a cushioned object placed on top of them.

[0159] Referring to FIG. 6, a cross section of an alternative embodiment is depicted. The cushioning element 601 includes cushioning media 604 (which may be a gel cushioning media) which form walls 605 for columns 602, 603. It can be seen that the columns 602 and 603 are oriented into a group protruding from the top of the cushioning element 601 down into the cushioning media 604 but not reaching the bottom of the cushioning element of which column 602 is a member, and a group protruding from the bottom of the cushioning element 601 into the cushioning element 601 but not reaching the top of the cushioning element 601 of which column 602 is a member. This yields a generally firmer cushion than that shown in some other figures. This cushion would be manufactured by the mold depicted in FIG. 5.

[0160] Referring to FIG. 7, an alternative embodiment of a cushioning element 701 is depicted. The cushioning element includes cushioning media 702, columns 703 and column walls 704. The columns depicted in FIG. 7 are square in a cross section taken orthogonal to their longitudinal axis, in contrast to the columns of FIG. 2 which are hexagonal in a cross section taken orthogonal to their longitudinal axis. It is also of note that in FIG. 7, the columns 703 are arranged as an n×m matrix with each row and each column of columns in the matrix being aligned perfectly adjacent to its neighbor, with no offsetting. Exemplary sizing and spacing of columns would include columns which have a cross sectional diameter taken Referring to FIG. 8, a top view of an alternative cushioning element 801 is depicted. The cushioning element 801 includes cushioning media 802 which forms column walls 804, columns 803 and an exterior cushioning element periphery 805. It can be seen that the columns 803 of FIG. 8 are arranged in offset fashion with respect to some of the columns to which they are adjacent. A myriad of column arrangements are possible, from well-organized arrangements of the columns to a random columnar arrangement. The columns may be arranged so that the total volume of gel cushioning media 802 within the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element 801 is minimized. This results in a lightweight cushion. To that end, the columns 803 may be arranged in close proximity to each other in order to minimize the thickness of the column walls 804. This will result in a lighter cushion and a cushion that will yield to a greater extent under a cushioned object of a given weight than a similar cushion with thicker column walls 804.

[0161] Referring to FIG. 9, an alternative cushioning element 901 is depicted with cushioning media 902, columns 903, column walls 904 and outer periphery 905 of the cushioning element 901 being shown. The columns 902 depicted are round in a cross section taken orthogonal to their longitudinal axes. The reader should note that it may be desirable to include a container or side walls which will contain the outer periphery 905 of the cushioning element. For example, in FIG. 9, a rectangular box with interior dimensions just slightly larger than the exterior dimensions of the cushioning element 901 could be employed. Or, as shown in FIG. 1, the side walls of the cover 204 could be rigid, such as by the use of plastic inserts. The effect of rigid side walls or a rigid container for a cushioning element is that when a cushioned object is placed on the cushioning element, the cushioning media will not be permitted to bulge outward at the cushioning element outer periphery. By preventing such outward bulging, greater cushion stability is achieved and a more direct (i.e. in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of a column, which in most of the figures, such as FIG. 3, is assumed to be in the direction of the Earth's gravity but which may not always be so) movement or descent of the cushioned object into the cushion is achieved. A direct movement or descent of a cushioned object into the cushion (i.e. parallel to the longitudinal axes of the columns) is desired because the column walls are configured to absorb weight and cushion the cushioned object, or, if the load under a protuberance gets high enough, by buckling of the columns. If a cushioned object travels a substantial distance sideways in the cushion, the hollow portion of the columns may be eliminated by opposing column walls collapsing to meet each other rather than either substantially compressing the cushioning media or by buckling as depicted in FIGS. 13 and 14. This would not provide the desired cushioning effect as it would result in collapsed columns within the cushion (rather than buckled columns), and the cushion would have little more cushioning effect than a solid block of the cushioning media without the columns.

[0162] Referring to FIG. 10, an alternative embodiment of the cushion 1001 is depicted. The cushion 1001 includes gel cushioning media 1002 in the form of an outer cushion periphery 1003, and column walls 1004 which form triangular hollow columns 1005. The reader should note that the columns of the various figures are merely illustrative, and in practice, the columns could be triangular, rectangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, round, oval, n-sided or any other shape in a cross section taken orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of a column. The periphery of the cushioning element may also be triangular, rectangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, round, oval, heart-shaped, kidney-shaped, elliptical, oval, egg-shaped, n-sided or any other shape.

[0163]FIG. 11 depicts a column 1101 including column walls 1102 and 1103 and column interior 1104. The column 1101 has a longitudinal axis 1105 which can be oriented in the cushion parallel to the direction of the longitudinal axis of a column which should be the direction that the cushioned object sinks into the cushion. Thus, the column top 1106 is at the side of the cushion that contacts the cushioned object, and the column bottom 1107 is at the side of the cushion that typically faces the ground and will rest on some sort of a base. Another way of describing this with respect to the longitudinal axis of each column is that the column top is at one end of the longitudinal axis of a column and the column bottom is at the other end of the longitudinal axis of a column. When an object to be cushioned is placed onto a cushion which contains many such columns 1101, such as is shown in FIG. 3, a depressive force 1108 is applied to the cushion and to the column 1101 by the cushioned object. Because the cushion is expected to rest on some type of supporting surface, such as a base, a reaction force 1109 is provided by-the supporting surface. The cushion, including the column 1101, yields under the weight of the cushioned object. This yielding is a result of compression of the cushioning media and, if the load under a protruding portion of the cushioned object is high enough, by buckling or partial buckling of the columns 1101. From FIG. 11, it can be seen that the depicted column 1101 buckles because the flexible cushion walls 1102 and 1103 buckle outward around the periphery of the column, as depicted by cross-sectional points 1110 and 1111. In other words, the column walls buckle radically outward orthogonally from the longitudinal axis of the column. This permits the column 1101 to decrease in total length along its longitudinal axis 1108 and thereby conform to the shape of protuberances on a cushioned object. Since buckled columns carry comparatively little load, this results in a cushion that avoids pressure peaks on the cushioned object.

[0164]FIG. 12 depicts a. column 1201 including column walls 1202 and 1203 and column interior 1204. The column 1201 has a longitudinal axis 1205 which may be oriented in the, cushion parallel to the direction of movement of a cushioned object sinking, into the cushion. Thus, the column top end 1206 is at the side of the cushion that contacts the cushioned object, and the column bottom end 1207 is at the side of the cushion that typically will rest on some sort of a base. When an object to be cushioned is placed against a cushion which contains numerous columns 1201, such as is shown in FIG. 3, a depressive force 1208 is applied to the cushion and to the column 1201 by the cushioned object. Because the cushion is expected to rest on some type of supporting surface, such as a base, a reaction force 1209 is provided by the supporting surface. The cushion, including the column 1201, yields under the weight of the cushioned object. This yielding is a result of compression of the cushioning media and, if the load under a protruding portion of the cushioned object is high enough, by buckling or partial buckling of the columns. From FIG. 12, it can be seen that the depicted column 1201 buckles because the flexible cushion wall 1202 buckles outward from the column center or orthogonal away from the longitudinal axis of the column at point 1210, while cushion wall 1203 buckles inward toward the column center or orthogonal toward the longitudinal axis of the column at points 1211. This buckling action causes the column 1201 to decrease in total length along its longitudinal axis 1208 and thereby conform to the shape of protuberances on a cushioned object. Point 1210 is depicted buckling outward (away from the center of the column) and point 1211 is depicted as buckling inward (toward the center of the column). Alternatively, both points 1210 and 1211 could buckle inward toward the center of the column or both could buckle outward. Since buckled columns carry comparatively little load, this results in a cushion that avoids pressure peaks on the cushioned object. Buckling of a column permits the column to decrease in total length along its longitudinal axis and thereby conform to the shape of protuberances on a cushioned object. This results in a cushion that avoids pressure peaks on the cushioned object. It should be noted by the reader that the columns 1101 and 1201 depicted in FIGS. 11 and 12 are hollow columns which have interiors completely open to the atmosphere and which permit air to travel through the columns to enhance ventilation under the cushioned object. It is also of note that the column 1201 of FIG. 12 has column walls 1202 and 1203 that include fenestrations 1210 (which may be holes or apertures in the column walls) that permit the flow of air between adjacent columns, providing an enhanced ventilation effect. Fenestrations are also useful for reducing the weight of the cushioning element. The greater the size and/or number of fenestrations in column walls, the less the cushion weighs. The fenestrations or holes 1210 in the column walls could be formed by punching or drilling, or they could be formed during molding of the cushioning element.

[0165]FIG. 13 depicts an alternative column 1301 including column walls 1302 and 1303 and a column interior 1304. The column 1301 has a longitudinal axis 1305 which, in the cushion, may be oriented parallel to the direction in which the cushioned object is expected to sink into the cushion. Thus, the column top end 1306 is at the side of the cushion that contacts the cushioned object, and the column bottom end 1307 is at the side of the cushion that typically faces some sort of a base. When an object to be cushioned is placed onto a cushion which contains column 1301, such as is shown in FIG. 3, a depressive force 1308 is applied to the cushion and to the column 1301 by the cushioned object. Because the cushion is expected to rest on some type of supporting surface, such as a base, a reaction force 1309 is provided by the supporting surface. The cushion, including the column 1301, yields under the weight of the cushioned object. This yielding is a result of compression of the cushioning media and, if the load under a protruding portion of the cushioned object is high enough, by buckling or partial buckling of the columns. From FIG. 13, it can be seen that the depicted column 1301 buckles because the flexible cushion walls 1302 and 1303 buckle outward from the column center or orthogonal away from the longitudinal axis 1305 of the column at points 1311 and 1310. This buckling action allows the column 1301 to decrease in total length along its longitudinal axis 1305 and thereby conform to the shape of protuberances on a cushioned object.

[0166] In the embodiment depicted, the column 1301 is a sealed column containing air or an inert gas within its interior 1304. Thus, as the column 1301 decreases in length along its longitudinal axis, the gas within the column interior 1304 tends to support the column top end 1306 and resist the downward movement of the cushioned object. This yields a firmer cushion. Alternatively, open or closed cell (or other) foam or fluid cushioning media could be provided within the interior of the columns or within some of them in order to increase the firmness of the cushion.

[0167]FIG. 14 depicts an alternative embodiment of the column. The column 1401 depicted has column walls 1402 and 1403 and a column interior 1404. The column interior 1404 is open at column top end 1405 and at column bottom end 1406 to permit air to pass through the column 1401. Column 1401 has walls 1402 and 1403 which are thicker at their bottom end 1406 than at their top end 1405, imparting cushions which include such columns with a soft cushioning effect when cushioning an object that sinks into the cushion to only a shallow depth, but progressively providing firmer cushioning the deeper the cushioned object sinks. This configuration of column 1401 permits the construction of a cushion which accommodates cushioned objects of a very wide variety of weight ranges. Alternatively, the column walls could be thicker at the top than at the bottom, the column walls could be stepped, or the column walls could have annular or helical grooves in them to facilitate buckling under the load of a cushioned object. Additionally, the column interior could be of a greater interior dimension orthogonal to its longitudinal axis at one end than at the other. Or the columns could be of varying dimension and shape along their longitudinal axes.

[0168]FIG. 15 depicts a cross section of a cushioning element using alternating stepped columns. The cushioning element 1501 has a plurality of columns 1502 each having a longitudinal axis 1503, a column top 1504 and a column bottom 1505. The column top 1504 and column bottom 1505 are open in the embodiment depicted, and the column interior or column passage 1506 is unrestricted to permit air flow through the column 1502. The column 1502 depicted has side walls 1507 and 1508, each of which has three distinct steps 1509, 1510 and 1511. The columns are arranged so that the internal taper of a column due to the step on its walls is opposite to the taper of the next adjacent column. This type of cushioning element could be made using a mold similar to that depicted in FIG. 4.

[0169]FIG. 16 depicts an alternative embodiment of a cushioning element 1601. The cushioning element 1601 has a plurality of columns 1602, 1603 and 1604, each having a column interior 1605, 1606 and 1607, and column walls 1608, 1609, 1610 and 1611. The column walls are made from cushioning; media, such as the example soft gels herein. In the embodiment of the cushioning element 1601 depicted, the cushioning media 1612 has trapped within it a plurality of gas bubbles 1613, 1614 and 1615. When a soft gel cushioning medium is used, since the gel is not flowable at the temperatures to which the cushion is expected to be exposed during use, the bubbles remain trapped within the cushioning medium. The use of bubbles within the cushioning medium reduces the weight of the cushion and softens the cushion to a degree which might not otherwise be available. Bubbles may be introduced into the cushioning medium by injecting air, another appropriate gas, or vapor into the cushioning medium before manufacturing the cushioning element, by vigorously stirring the heated, flowable cushioning medium before it is formed into the shape of a cushion, or by utilizing a cushioning medium of a composition that creates gas or boils at the temperatures to which it is subjected during the manufacture of a cushioning element. Blowing agents, some of the uses of which are described in detail below in connection with the disclosure of the gel material, are also useful for introducing gas bubbles into the cushioning medium. Microspheres, which we also discussed in greater detail below, are also useful for introducing gas pockets into the cushion medium.

[0170]FIG. 17 depicts an embodiment of the cushioning element which has cushioning medium, solid exterior walls 1703 and 1704, a plurality of columns 1705 and column walls 1706 forming the columns. Note that although FIG. 17 shows a cushioning element 1701 with solid walls 1703 and 1704, it is possible to make a cushioning element 1701 that has columns on its outer walls. The cushioning element is disposed within an optional cover 1707. A container 1708 with relatively stiff or rigid walls 1709 and 1710 of approximately the same size and shape as the cushioning element walls 1703 and 1704 is shown. The container 1708 has a bottom or base 1711 on which the cushioning element is expected to rest. The container 1708 walls 1709 and 1710 serve; to restrict the outward movement of the cushioning element 1701 when a cushioned object is placed on it. When soft gel is used as a cushioning medium, the cushioning element 1701 would tend to be displaced by the object being cushioned were the side walls 1709 and 1710 of the container 1711 not provided. In lieu of a container, any type of appropriate restraining means may be used to prevent side displacement of the cushioning element in response to the deforming force of a cushioned object. For example, individual plastic plates could be placed against the side walls 1703 and 1704 of the cushioning element 1701. Chose plates could be held in place with any appropriate holder, such as the cover 1707. As another example, an appropriate strap or girdle could be wrapped around all exterior side walls 1703 and 1704 of the cushioning element 1701. Such a strap or girdle would serve to restrain the cushioning element 1701 against radial outward displacement in response to a cushioned object resting on the cushioning element.

[0171]FIG. 18 depicts an alternative embodiment of a cushion 1801 that includes a cushioning element 1802 and a cover 1803. The cushioning element 1802 has side walls 1808 and 1809 about its periphery, the side walls 1808 and 1809 in this embodiment being generally parallel with the longitudinal axis 1810 of a hollow column 1811 of the cushioning element 1802. A gap 1806 exists between the cover 1803 and the side wall 1809 of the cushioning element. This gap 1806 accommodates the insertion of a stiff or rigid reinforcing side wall support 1804 which may be made of a suitable material such as plastic, wood, metal or composite material such as resin and a reinforcing fiber. Similarly, gap 1807 between side wall 1808 and the cover 1803 may have side wall support 1805 inserted into it. The side wall supports are configured to restrict the cushioning element from being substantially displaced in an outward or radial direction (a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of one of the columns of the cushioning element) so that the cushioning element's columns will buckle to accommodate the shape of a cushioned object, rather than permitting the cushioning element to squirm out from under the cushioned object.

[0172]FIG. 19 depicts an alternative embodiment of a cushioning element 1901 including square columns 1908. The cushioning element has outer side walls 1902 and 1903 about its periphery. The reader should note that although the outer periphery of the cushioning element in FIG. 19 is depicted as rectangular, the outer periphery could be of any desired configuration, such as triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, any n-sided polygon shape, round, oval, elliptical, heart-shaped, kidney-shaped, quarter moon shaped, n-sided polygonal where n is an integer, or of any other desired shape. The side walls 1902 and 1903 of the cushioning element 1901 have a peripheral strap or girdle 1904 about them. The girdle 1904 has reinforcing side walls 1905 and 1906 which reinforce the structural stability of side walls 1902 and 1903 respectively of the cushioning element 1901. The embodiment of the girdle 1904 depicted in FIG. 19 has a fastening mechanism 1907 so that it may be fastened about the periphery of the cushioning element 1901 much as a person puts on a belt. The girdle 1904 serves to confine the cushioning element 1901 so that when a cushioned object is placed on the cushioning element 1901, the cushioning element will not tend to squirm out from beneath the girdle 1904. Thus, the cushioning element 1901 will tend to yield and conform to the cushioned object as needed by having; its cushioning medium compress and its columns buckle. FIG. 20 depicts an alternative embodiment of a cushioning element 2001. The cushioning element 2001 includes cushioning medium 2002 such as gel formed into column walls 2003 and 2004 to form a column 2005. The column 2005 depicted has a sealed column top 2006 and a sealed column bottom 2007 in order to contain a column filler 2008. The column filler 2008 could be open or closed cell foam, any known fluid cushioning medium such as lubricated spherical objects, or any other desired column filler. The cushioning element 2001 depicted has an advantage of greater firmness compared to similar cushioning elements which either omit the sealed column top and column bottom or which omit the column filler.

[0173]FIG. 21 depicts an alternative embodiment of a cushioning element 2101. The cushioning; element 2101 has cushioning medium 2102 formed into column walls 2103 and 2104. The column walls 2103 and 2104 form a column interior 2105. The column 25 2106 has an open column top 2107 and a closed column bottom 2108. In the embodiment depicted, the column 2107 has a firmness protrusion 2109 protruding into the column interior 2105 from the column bottom 2108. The firmness protrusion 2109 depicted is wedge or cone shaped, but a firmness protrusion could be of an desired shape, such as cylindrical, square, or otherwise in cross section along its longitudinal axis. The purpose of the firmness protrusion 2109 is to provide additional support within a buckled column for the portion of a cushioned object that is causing the buckling. When a column of this embodiment buckles, the cushioning element will readily yield until the cushioned object begins to compress the firmness protrusion. At that point, further movement of the cushioned object into the cushion is slowed, as the cushioning medium of the firmness support needs to be compressed or the firmness support itself needs to be caused to buckle in order to achieve further movement of the cushioned object into the cushioning medium.

[0174] Referring now to FIG. 22, in another embodiment of the cushion, multiple individual cushioning elements 2201 a, 2201 b, 2201 c, etc. are provided within a single cushion 2200. In such embodiments, the cushions are positioned side-to-side, with or without other materials between the individual cushions, and with or without connecting the individual cushions to one another. For example, sixty-four cushions, each having a thickness of four inches, and four sides each two inches in length, can be placed in an eight-by-eight arrangement to form a four inch thick square cushion having sixteen inch sides. Such cushions may be useful where different cushioning characteristics are desired on different portions of a cushion. Different cushioning characteristics are achieved through varying the materials and/or configurations of the individual cushions.

[0175] With reference to FIGS. 23a, 23 b, 23 c and 23 d, another embodiment of a cushion 2301 is shown. Embodiment 2301 includes a first cushioning medium 2302 which forms a cover and a second cushioning medium 2303 which fills the cover. First cushioning medium 2302 may be elastomeric gel material, which is disclosed in detail below. Second cushioning medium 2303 may be the visco-elastomeric material that is disclosed in detail below.

[0176] Embodiment 2301 also includes columns 2304, column walls 2305 and an outer periphery 2306. Columns 2304 are formed through cover 2302 and lined with cushioning medium 2302. With reference to FIGS. 23a and 23 b, where two adjacent columns 2304 a and 2304 b are separated only by a thin column wall 2305 a (e.g., a column wall having a thickness of only about 0.1 inch or less), the column wall may be made from cushioning medium 2302. Where two adjacent columns 2304 c and 2304 d are separated by a thicker column wall 2305 c, the column wall may include a cover 2302 of the first cushioning medium and is filled with second cushioning medium 2303.

[0177] The use of multiple cushioning media in cushion 2301 facilitates tailoring of the rebound, pressure absorption, and flow characteristics of the cushion. Compressibility of cushion 2301 also depends upon the amount of spacing between columns and the formulations of the first second cushioning media 2302 and 2303, respectively.

[0178]FIGS. 24a and 24 b illustrate another embodiment of the cushioning element 2401. Referring to FIG. 24b, embodiment 2401 includes a cushioning medium 2402, a coating 2403 adhered to the cushioning medium, columns 2404, column walls 2405 that separate the columns, and an outer periphery 2406. Cushioning medium 2402 of embodiment 2401 may be tacky, which facilitates adhesion of coating 2403 thereto. An example cushioning medium 2402 for use in embodiment 2401 is disclosed in detail below. Coating 2403 may be a particulate material, including without limitation lint, short fabric threads, talc, ground cork, microspheres, and others. However, coating 2403 may me made from any material that will form a thin, pliable layer over cushioning medium 2402, including but not limited to fabrics, stretchable fabrics, long fibers, papers, films, and others.

[0179]FIGS. 25a, 25 b, 25 c, 25 d, 25 e and 25 f show another embodiment of a cushioning element 2501. Embodiment 2501 includes cushioning medium 2502, a first set of columns 2503 which are oriented along a first axis x, a second set of columns 2504 which are oriented along a second axis y, a third set of columns 2505 which are oriented along a third axis z, column walls 2506 located between the columns, and an outer periphery 2507. As an example, axis x is perpendicular to both axis y and axis z and axis y is perpendicular to axis z. Columns 2503 and 2504, 2503 and 2505, and/or 2504 and 2505 may intersect each other. FIGS. 25a, 25 b and 25 c illustrate a cushion 2501 a wherein columns 2503 a intersect columns 2504 and columns 2503 b intersect columns 2505. FIGS. 25d, 25 e and 25 f depict a cushion 2501 b wherein each of columns 2503 intersect both columns 2504 and columns 2505. Alternatively, none of the columns may intersect any other columns. Other variations of intersection and/or non-intersecting columns are also within the scope.

[0180] The spacing and pattern with which each set of columns is positioned determines the total volume of cushioning medium 2502 within the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element 2501. As the volume of cushioning medium 2502 within the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element 2501 decreases, the cushion becomes lighter and easier to compress. Thus, the spacing and pattern of each set of columns may be varied to provide a cushion of desired weight and compressibility. Cushioning elements which have only two sets of columns or more than three sets of columns are also within the scope of embodiment 2501.

[0181] With reference to FIG. 26, another embodiment of cushioning element 2601 is shown which includes a first set of columns 2603 which are oriented along a first axis x, a second set of columns 2604 which are oriented along a second axis y, and a third set of columns 2605 which are oriented along a third axis z. As can be seen in FIG. 26, columns 2603, 2604 and 2605 may be thin. Column walls 2606, which are made from a cushioning medium 2602, surround each of the columns. The cushion 2601 shape is defined in part by an outer periphery 2607. As an example, axis x is perpendicular to both axis y and axis z and axis y is perpendicular to axis z. Similar to the cushion of embodiment 2501, columns 2603, 2604 and 2605 may or may not intersect any other columns. Likewise, the spacing between adjacent columns and the arrangement of each of the columns determine the total volume of cushioning medium 2602 within the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element 2601. As the volume of cushioning medium 2602 within the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element 2601 decreases, the cushion becomes lighter and easier to compress. Thus, the spacing and arrangement of columns may be varied to provide a cushion of desired weight and compressibility. Cushions with only two sets of columns or more than three sets of columns are also within the scope of embodiment 2601.

[0182] Referring now to FIGS. 27a, 27 b and 27 c, another embodiment of a cushioning element 2701 is shown. Embodiment 2701 includes cushioning medium 2702, a first set of columns 2703 which are oriented along a first axis x, a second set of columns 2704 which are oriented along a second axis y, a third set of columns 2705 which are oriented along a third axis z, column walls 2706 located between the columns, cavities 2707 formed within the column walls and an outer periphery 2708. As an example, axis x is perpendicular to both axis y and axis z and axis y is perpendicular to axis z. Columns 2703 and 2704, 2703 and 2705, and/or 2704 and 2705 may intersect each other, as in embodiments 2501 and 2601. Alternatively, none of the columns may intersect any other column. The spacing and pattern with which each set of columns is positioned and the number of cavities 2706 formed within the column walls 2707 determine the total volume of cushioning medium 2702 within the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element 2701. As the volume of cushioning medium 2702 within the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element 2701 decreases, the cushion becomes lighter and easier to compress. Thus, the spacing and pattern of each set of columns may be varied to provide a cushion of desired weight and compressibility. Similarly, the size and spacing of the cavities 2706 within the column walls 2707 may also be varied to provide a cushion of desired weight and compressibility. Cushioning elements which have only two sets of columns are also within the scope of embodiment 2701.

[0183]FIG. 28 illustrates yet another embodiment of a cushioning element 2801, which has a contoured upper surface. The cushion 2801 shown in FIG. 28 has columns 2803 and 2804 of different heights and column walls 2805 and 2806 of different heights. However, a contoured cushion according to embodiment 2801 could include columns and column walls having any number of different heights. Embodiment 2801 also includes cushioning medium 2802 and an outer periphery 2807. The variability of column and column wall height in embodiment 2801 imparts the cushion with areas having different compressibility and firmness characteristics.

[0184] As seen in FIG. 28, cushion 2801 has two distinct levels of columns. The adjacent longer columns 2803 are grouped together, referred to as a set of isolated columns 2808. The shorter columns 2804, which are located between sets 2808, tie cushion 2801 together and form a cushion base 2809.

[0185] As an example of the use of cushion 2801, a cushioned object which comes into contact with the top surface thereof will first compress columns 2803, causing the column walls 2805 to buckle. The free area between isolated column sets 2808 enhances the bucklability of columns 2803. In other words, columns 2803 buckle more easily than would columns of the same size, separated by column walls of the same thickness and made from the same material in a cushion having columns of only one general height. If the load of the cushioned object causes complete buckling of columns 2803, columns 2804, which have a greater resistance to buckling than the long columns, provide a secondary cushioning effect, which is more like that of a cushion with columns of one general length.

[0186] Referring now to FIG. 29, a cushion 2901 is shown which includes a cushioning medium 2902, columns 2903, column walls 2904, and an outer periphery 2905. Cushioning medium includes a plurality of cells 2906 x, 2906 b, 2906 c, etc. which are filled with gas or another cushioning medium. The cushion 2901 depicted in FIG. 29 has open cells 2906. Alternatively, cushion 2901 may have only closed cells or a combination of open and closed cells. Cells 2906 x, 2906 b, 2906 c, etc. may be of any size and may be dispersed throughout cushioning medium at any density or concentration that will provide the desired cushioning and weight characteristics.

[0187] Referring now to FIGS. 30a and 30 b, alternative embodiments of the cushions 3001 and 3001 which have light weight column walls 3004 and 3004′, respectively, are shown. Cushions 3001 and 3001′ also include a cushioning medium 3002 and 3002′, columns 3003 and 3003′ and an outer periphery 3005 and 3005′, respectively. Column walls 3004 and 3004′ each include a matrix 3006 and 3006′, respectively, within which are located several voids 3007 x, 3007 b, 3007 c, etc. and 3007 x′, 3007 b′, 3007 c′, etc. and 3008 a, 3008 b, ,etc., respectively. Matrix 3006 is made from cushioning medium 3002, 3002′. Voids 3007, 3007′, 3008 are hollow areas formed within matrix 3006 which lighten column walls 3004, 3004′. As example, voids 3007, 3007′ are filled with gas or any other substance which has a density (i.e., specific gravity) less than that of cushioning medium 3002, 3002′. As an example, voids 3007, 3007′ are open celled (i.e., continuous with the outer surface of cushion 3001, 3001′ and exposed to the atmosphere).

[0188]FIG. 30a shows cushion 3001, the column walls 3004 of which include a matrix 3006 which forms voids 3007 x, 3007 b, 3007 c, etc. having a multi-sided irregular shape. Column walls which have matrices and pits of other configurations are also within the scope of the cushioning elements. Embodiment 3001 may be formed by removal or destruction of volume occupying objects which are dispersed throughout the cushioning medium as cushion 3001 is formed.

[0189]FIG. 30b shows cushion 3001 having a matrix 3006 formed from randomly oriented short tubes 3009 a, 3009 b, 3009 c, etc. which forms voids 3007 and 3008. Voids 3007 a, 3007 b′, 3007 c′, etc. are formed within short tubes 3009 a, 3009 b, 3009 c, etc. and are generally cylindrical in shape. Matrix 3006′ also includes irregularly shaped secondary voids 3008 a, 3008 b, 3008 c, etc. which are formed by the exterior surfaces of tubes 3009 between adjacent tubes.

[0190] It is contemplated that the hollow portion of the column will typically be of uniform cross section throughout its length, but this is not necessary for all embodiments. For example, in a column having a circular cross section orthogonal to its longitudinal axis, the diameter of the circle could increase along its length, and adjacent columns could correspondingly decrease along their length (i.e. the columns would be formed as opposing cones). As another example, the column walls could all thicken from one cushion surface to another to facilitate the use of tapered cores (which create the hollow portion of the columns) in the manufacturing tool, which tapering facilitates the removal of the cores from the gel.

[0191] As an example the columns of the cushioning element be open at their top and bottom. However, the columns can be bonded to or integral with a face sheet on the top or bottom or both, over all or a portion of the cushion. Or the columns can be interrupted by a sheet of gel or other material at their midsection which is like a face sheet except that it cuts through the interior of a cushioning element.

[0192] In an example embodiment of the cushioning element the column walls are not perforated. However, perforated walls and/or face sheets are within the scope hereof. The perforation size and density can be varied by design to control column stiffness, buckling resistance, and weight, as well as to enhance air circulation.

[0193] Wall thickness of the columns can be approximately equal throughout the cushioning, element for uniformity, but in special applications of the cushion, wall thickness may be varied to facilitate manufacturing or to account for differing expected weight loads across the cushion or for other reasons.

[0194] Typical cushions in the art are ordinarily one piece, but the cushion can be constricted from more than one discontinuous cushioning element. For example, three one-inch thick cushions hereof can be stacked to make a three-inch thick cushion hereof, with or without other materials between the layers, and with or without connecting the three layers to one another.

[0195] The cushioning element hereof can be used alone or with a cover. A cover can be desirable when used to cushion a human body to mask the small pressure peaks at the edges of the column walls. This is not necessary if the gel used is soft enough to eliminate these effects, but may be desirable if firmer gels are used. Covers can also be desirable to keep the gel (which can tend to be sticky) clean. If used, a cover should be pliable or stretchable so as not to overly reduce the gross cushioning effects of the columns compressing and/or buckling. A cover would also permit air to pass through it to facilitate air circulation under the cushioned object.

[0196] While it is envisioned that the immediate application of the cushion is to cushion human beings (e.g;., seat cushions, mattresses, wheelchairs cushions, stadium seats, operating table pads, etc.), Applicant also anticipates that other objects, including without limitation, animals (e.g. between a saddle and a horse), manufactured products (e.g., padding between a manufactured product and a shipping container), and other objects may also be efficiently cushioned.

[0197] As an example, the columns in the cushion are oriented with their longitudinal axis generally parallel to the direction of gravity so that they will buckle under load from a cushioned object rather than collapse from side pressure. Some type of wall or reinforcement may be provided about the periphery of the cushioning element in order to add stability to the cushioning element and in order to ensure that the buckling occurs in order to decrease column length under a cushioned object.

[0198] The cushioning element may be described as a gelatinous elastomeric or gelatinous visco-elastomeric material (i.e. gel) configured as laterally connected hollow vertical columns which elastically sustain a load up to a limit, and then buckle beyond that limit. This produces localized buckling in a cushioning element beneath a cushioned object depending upon the force placed upon the cushioning element in a particular location. As a result, protruding portions of the cushioned object can protrude into the cushion without being subjected to pressure peaks. As a result, the cushioning element distributes its supportive pressure evenly across the contact area of the cushioned object. This also maximizes the percentage of the surface area of the cushioned object that is in contact with the cushion.

[0199] Each individual column wall can buckle, markedly reducing the load carried by that column and causing each column to be able to conform to protuberances of the cushioned object. Buckling may be described as the localized crumpling of a portion of a column, or the change in primary loading of a portion of a column from compression to bending. In designing structural columns, such as concrete or steel columns for buildings or bridges, the designer seeks to avoid buckling because once a column has buckled, it curves. Far less load than when not buckled. In the columns of this cushion, however, buckling works to advantage in accomplishing the objects. The most protruding parts of the cushioned object cause the load on the columns beneath those protruding parts to have a higher than average load as the object initially sinks into the cushion. This higher load causes the column walls immediately beneath the protruding portion of the cushioned object to buckle, which markedly reduces the load on the protruding portion. The surrounding columns, which have not exceeded the buckling threshold, take up the load which is no longer carried by the column(s) beneath the most protruding portion of the cushioned object.

[0200] As an example of the desirability of the buckling provided by the cushioning element , consider the dynamics of a seat cushion. The area of a seated person which experiences the highest level of discomfort when seated without a cushion (such as on a wooden bench) or on a foam cushion is the tissue that is compressed beneath the most protruding bones (typically the ischial tuberosities). When the cushioning element is employed, the area beneath the protruding portions will have columns that buckle, but the remainder of the cushioning element should have columns (which are beneath the broad, fleshy non-bony portion of the person's posterior) which will withstand the load placed on them and not buckle. Since the broad fleshy area over which the pressure is substantially equal is approximately 95% of the portion of the person subjected to sitting pressure, and the area beneath the ischial tuberosity is subjected to less than average pressure due to the locally buckled gel columns (in approximately 5% of that area), the person is well supported and the cushion is very comfortable to sit on.

[0201] As another example, the cushioning element is useful in a bed mattress. The shoulders and hips of a person lying on his/her side would buckle the columns in the cushioning element beneath them, allowing the load to be picked up in the less protruding areas of the person's body such as the legs and abdomen. A major problem in prior art mattress cushions is that the shoulders and hips experience too much pressure and the back is unsupported because the abdomen receives too little pressure. The cushion hereof offers a solution to this problem by tending, to equalize the pressure load through local buckling under protruding body parts.

[0202] The square columns of FIG. 7 or 8 in the cushion are believed by Applicant to have the best balance between lateral stability (resistance to collapse from side loads) and light weight (which also corresponds to good air circulation and low thermal transfer). Some other types of columns, such those depicted in the other figures or mentioned elsewhere herein, have more cushioning media (typically gel) per cubic inch of cushion for a given level of cushioning support. Thus, the resulting cushions are heavier and have a higher rate of thermal transfer. They are also more costly to manufacture due to the increased amount of cushioning media required. However, columns with oval, circular or triangular cross sections can be used for some cushioning applications because they have a greater degree of lateral stability than square or honeycomb columns since triangles form a braced structure and circles and ovals form structurally sound arches when considered from a lateral perspective. Honeycomb columns such as those shown in FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 generally have the least gel per cubic inch of cushion for a given level of support, but have little lateral stability.

[0203] The cushions hereof differ from prior art gel cushions in that, while prior art gel cushions come in a variety of shapes, many are essentially a solid mass. When a cushioned object attempts to sink into a prior art gel cushion, the cushion either will not allow the sinking in because the non-contact portions of the cushion are constrained from expanding, or the cushion expands undesirably by pushing gel away from the most protruding parts of the cushioned object in a manner which tends to increase the reactive force exerted by the gel against areas of the cushioned object which surround the protrusions. In the cushion hereof, the gel has enough hollow space to allow sinking in without expanding the borders of the cushion, so the problem is alleviated.

[0204] Another problem with many prior art gel cushions is their weight. For example, a wheelchair cushion made of prior art gel with dimensions of 18″×16″×3.5″ would weigh 35-40 pounds, which is unacceptable to many wheelchair users. A cushion having the same dimensions would weigh approximately seven pounds or less. To be an acceptable weight for wheelchairs, a typical prior art wheelchair gel cushion is made only 1″ thick. To prevent bottoming out through such a thin cushion, the makers increase the rigidity of the gel, which decreases the gel's semi-hydrostatic characteristics, ruining the gel's ability to equalize pressure. Thus, many thin gel cushions relieve pressure no better than a foam cushion. The cushion can be a full 3.5 inches thick needed to allow sinking in for a human user which is in turn needed to equalize pressure and increase the surface area under pressure, while still being light weight.

[0205] The cushions hereof differ from prior art honeycomb cushions in part in that gel is used instead of thermoplastic film or thermoplastic elastomer film. Also, a comparatively thick gel is used for the walls of the columns, as compared to very thin films made of comparatively much more rigid thermoplastic film or thermoplastic elastomer film. If thick walls were used in prior art honeycomb cushions, the rigidity of available thermoplastics and available thermoplastic elastomers would cause the cushion to be far too stiff for typical applications. Also, the use of comparatively hard, thin walls puts the cushioned object at increased risk. When the load on a prior art honeycomb cushion exceeds the load carrying capability of virtually all of the columns (i.e., they all buckle), the cushioned object bottoms out onto a relatively hard, rigid, thin pile of thermoplastic film layers. In that condition, the cushioned object is subjected to pressures similar to the pressures it would experience with no cushion at all. The cushioned object is thus at risk of damaging pressures on its most protruding portions.

[0206] In comparison, if the same bottoming out occurs on the cushion hereof, the most protruding portions of the cushioned object would be pressed into a pile of relatively thick, soft gel layers, which would add up to typically 20% of the original thickness of the cushion. Thus, the risk of bottoming, out is substantially lowered.

[0207] Another difference between prior art thermoplastic honeycomb cushions and the cushion hereof is that the configuration of the cushion is not limited to honeycomb columns, but can take advantage of the varying properties offered by columns of virtually any cross sectional shape. The prior art thermoplastic honeycomb cushions are so laterally unstable that at least one face sheet must be bonded across the open cells. This restricts the air circulation, which is only somewhat restored if small perforations are made in the face sheet or cells. While face sheets and perforations are an option on the cushions hereof, the alternative cross sectional shapes of the columns (e.g., squares or triangles) make face sheets unnecessary due to increased lateral stability and thus perforations are unnecessary since both ends of the configuration of the column can be open to the atmosphere.

[0208] The maximum thickness of the walls of the columns of the cushion hereof should be such that the bulk density of the cushion is less than 50% of the bulk density if the cushion were completely solid gel. Thus, at least 50% of the volume of space occupied by the cushioning element is occupied by a gas such as air and the remainder is occupied by gel. The minimum thickness of the walls of the columns is controlled by three factors: (1) manufacturability; (2) the amount of gel needed for protection of the cushioned object in the event of all columns buckling; and (3) the ability to support the cushioned object without buckling the majority of the columns. The thickness would be such that the columns under the most protruding parts of the cushioned object are buckled, and the remaining columns are compressed in proportion to the degree of protrusion of the cushioned object immediately above them but are not buckled.

[0209] B. Cushion Materials

[0210] The cushioning media used to manufacture the cushioning element can soft gel. This; assures that the cushion will yield under a cushioned object by having buckling columns and by the cushioning medium itself compressing under the weight of the cushioned object. The soft gel will provide additional cushioning and will accommodate uneven surfaces of the cushioned object. Nevertheless, firmer gels are also useful in the cushioning element, provided that the gel is soft enough to provide acceptable cushioning for the object in the event that all of the columns buckle. Since, with a given type of gel, there is typically a correlation between softness and Young's modulus (stiffness) (i.e., a softer gel is less stiff), and since there is a correlation between Young's modulus and the load carrying capability of a column before buckling, there is typically a need for firmer gels in cushions which will carry a higher load. However, there are other alternatives for increasing a cushion's load carrying capability, such as increasing the column wall thickness, so that the softness of the gel can be selected for its cushioning characteristics and not solely for its load bearing characteristics, particularly in cases where cushion weight is not a factor. Any gelatinous elastomer or gelatinous visco-elastomer with a hardness on the Shore A scale of less than about 15 is useful in the cushioning element. The cushioning medium can have a Shore A hardness of about 3 or less. Or materials which have a hardness of less than about 800 gram bloom can be used. Such materials are too soft to measure on the Shore A scale. Gram Bloom is defined as the gram weight required to depress a gel a distance of four millimeters (4 mm) with a piston having a cross-sectional area of one square centimeter (1 cm) at a temperature of about 23° C. The example gel may be cohesive at the normal useable temperatures of a cushioning element. The example gel will not escape from the cushioning element if the cushioning element is punctured. The example gel has shape memory so that it tends to return to its original shape after deformation.

[0211] The cushioning media or gel should also be strong enough to withstand the loads and deformations that are ordinarily expected during the use of a cushion. For a given type of gel, there is typically a correlation between softness and strength (i.e., softer gels are not as strong as harder gels).

[0212] Because of their high strength even in soft formulations, their low cost, their ease of manufacture, the variety of manufacturing methods which can be used, and the wide range of Young's modulus which can be formulated while maintaining the hydrostatic characteristics of a gel, the gel formulations which follow are example gels to be used in cushions.

[0213] Applicant believes that the reader might benefit from a general background discussion of the chemistry underlying the gels prior to reading about the example formulations.

[0214] 1. Chemistry of Plasticizer-Extended Elastomers

[0215] A basic discussion of the chemical principles underlying the characteristics and performance of plasticizer-extended elastomers is provided below to orient the reader for the later discussion of the particular chemical aspects of the material for use in the cushions.

[0216] The example gel cushioning medium is a composition primarily of triblock copolymers and plasticizers, both of which are commonly referred to as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are elements which are made up mainly of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) atoms. Examples of hydrocarbons include gasoline, oil, plastic and other petroleum derivatives.

[0217] Referring to FIG. 31a, it can be seen that a carbon atom 3110 typically has four covalent bonding sites “•”. FIG. 31b shows a hydrogen atom 3112, which has only one covalent bonding site •. With reference to FIG. 31c, which represents a four-carbon molecule called butane, a “covalent” bond, represented at 3116 as “-”, is basically a very strong attraction between adjacent atoms. More specifically, a covalent bond is the linkage of two atoms by the sharing of two electrons, one contributed by each of the atoms. For example, the first carbon atom 3118 of a butane molecule 3114 shares an electron with each of three hydrogen atoms 3120, 3122 and 3124, represented as covalent bonds 3121, 3123 and 3125, respectively, accounting for three of carbon atom 3118's available electrons. The final electron is shared with the second carbon atom 3126, forming covalent bond 3127. When atoms are covalently bound to one another, the atom-to-atom covalent bond combination makes up a molecule such as butane 3114. An understanding of hydrocarbons, the atoms that make hydrocarbons and the bonds that connect those atoms is important because it provides a basis for understanding the structure and interaction of each of the components of the example gel material.

[0218] As mentioned above, the example gel cushioning material utilizes triblock copolymers. With reference to FIGS. 32a and 32 b, a triblock copolymer is shown. Triblock copolymers 3210 are so named because they each have three blocks-two endblocks 3212 and 3214 and a midblock 3216. If it were possible to grasp the ends of a triblock copolymer molecule and stretch them apart, each triblock copolymer would have a string-like appearance (as in FIG. 32a), with an endblock being located at each end and the midblock between the two endblocks.

[0219]FIG. 33a depicts the example endblocks of the copolymer most example for use in the example gel material, which are known as monoalkenylarene polymers 3310. Breaking the term “monoalkenylarene” into its component parts is helpful in understanding the structure and function of the endblocks. “Aryl” refers to what is known as an aromatic ring bonded to another hydrocarbon group. Referring now to FIG. 33b, benzene 3312, one type of aromatic ring, is made up of six carbon molecules 3314, 3316, 3318, 3320, 3322 and 3324 bound together in a ring-like formation. Due to the ring structure, each of the carbon atoms is bound to two adjacent carbon atoms. This is possible because each carbon atom has four bonding sites. In addition, each carbon atom C of a benzene molecule is bound to only one hydrogen atom H. The remaining bonding site on each carbon atom C is used up in a double covalent bond 3326, 3327, which is referred to as a double bond. Because each carbon atom has only four bonding sites, double bonding in an aromatic ring occurs between a first carbon and only one of the two adjacent carbons. Thus, single bonds 3116 and double bonds 3326 alternate around the benzene molecule 3312. With reference to FIG. 33c, in an aryl group 3328, one of the carbons 3330 is not bound to a hydrogen atom, which frees up a bonding site R for the aryl group to bond to an atom or group other than a hydrogen atom.

[0220] Turning now to FIG. 33d, “alkenyl” 3332 refers to a hydrocarbon group made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, wherein at least one of the carbon-to-carbon bonds is a double bond 3334 and the hydrocarbon group is connected to another group of atoms R′, where R′ represents the remainder of the hydrocarbon molecule and can include a single hydrogen atom. Specifically, the “en” signifies that a double bond is present between at least one pair of carbons. The “yl” means that the hydrocarbon is attached to another group of atoms. For example, FIG. 33e shows a two carbon group having a double bond between the carbons, which is called ethenyl 3336. Similarly, FIG. 3f illustrates a three carbon group having a double bond between two of the carbons, which is called propenyl 3338. Referring again to FIG. 33a, in a monoalkenylarene such as styrene, a carbon 3340 with a free bonding site of an alkenyl group 3332 is bonded to the aryl group 3328 at carbon atom 3330, which also has a free bonding site. In reference to FIG. 33c, aryl group 3328 is part of a monoalkenylarene molecule when R is an alkenyl group. The “mono” of monoalkenylarene explains that only one alkenyl group is bonded to the aryl group.

[0221] The monoalkenylarene end blocks of a triblock copolymer are polymerized. Polymerization is the process whereby monomers are connected in a chain-like fashion to form a polymer. FIG. 34a depicts a polymer 3410, which is basically a large chain-like molecule formed from many repeating smaller molecules, called monomers, M1, M2, M3, etc., that are bonded together. P and P′ represent the ends of the polymer, which are also made up of monomers FIG. 34b illustrates a monoalkenylarene end block polymer 3414, which is a chain of monoalkenylarene molecules 3416 a, 3416 b, 3416 c, etc. The chain of FIG. 34b is spiral, or helical, in shape due to the bonding angles between styrene molecules. P represents an extension of the endblock polymer helix in one direction, while P′ represents an extension of the endblock polymer helix in the opposite direction.

[0222] As FIG. 34c shows, monoalkenylarene molecules are attracted to one another by a force that is weaker than covalent bonding. The primary weak attraction between monoalkenylarene molecules is known as hydrophobic attraction. An example of hydrophobic attraction is the attraction of oil droplets to each other when dispersed in water. Therefore, in its natural, relaxed state at room temperature, a monoalkenylarene polymer resembles a mass of entangled string 3414, as depicted in FIG. 34d. The attraction of monoalkenylarene molecules to one another creates a tendency for the endblocks to remain in an entangled state. Similarly, different monoalkenylarene polymers are attracted to each other. The importance of this phenomenon will become apparent later in this discussion.

[0223] Like the end blocks of a triblock copolymer, the midblock is also a polymer. The example triblock copolymer for use in the elastomer component of the example cushioning medium includes is an aliphatic hydrocarbon midblock polymer. Traditionally, “aliphatic” meant that a hydrocarbon was “fat like” in its chemical behavior. Referring to FIGS. 35a through 35 c, which, for simplicity, do not show the hydrogen atoms, an “aliphatic compound” is now defined as a hydrocarbon compound which reacts like an alkane 3510 (a hydrocarbon molecule having only single bonds between the carbon atoms), an alkene 3512 (a hydrocarbon molecule wherein at least one of the carbon-to-carbon bonds is a double bond) 3514, an alkyne (a hydrocarbon molecule having a triple covalent bond 3515 between at least one pair of carbon atoms), or a derivative of one or a combination of the above.

[0224] Referring now to FIG. 35d, which omits the bound hydrogen atoms for simplicity, aliphatic hydrocarbons known as conjugated dienes 3516 are depicted. These are the example midblock monomers used in the triblock copolymers of the example gel material . A “diene” is a hydrocarbon molecule having two (“di”) double bonds (“ene”). “Conjugated” means that the double bonds 3518 and 3520 are separated by only one single carbon-to-carbon bond 3522. In comparison, FIG. 35e shows a hydrocarbon molecule having two double carbon-to-carbon bonds that are separated by two or more single bonds, 3530, 3532, etc., which is referred to as an “isolated diene” 3524. When double bonds are conjugated, they interact with each other, providing greater stability to a hydrocarbon molecule than would the two double bonds of an isolated diene.

[0225]FIGS. 36a through 36 d illustrate examples of various monomers useful in the midblock of the triblock copolymers example for use in the elastomer component of the example gel cushioning medium, including molecules (monomers) such as ethylene-butylene (EB) 3612, ethylene-propylene (EP) 3614, butadiene (B) 3616 (either hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated) and isoprene (I) 3618 (either hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated). The different structures of these molecules provide them with different physical characteristics, such as differing strengths of covalent bonds between adjacent monomers. The various structures of monomer molecules also provides for different types of interaction between distant monomers on the same chain (e.g., when the midblock chain folds back on itself, distant monomers may be attracted to one another by a force weaker than covalent bonding, such as hydrophobic interaction, hydrophilicinteraction, polar forces or Vander Waals forces).

[0226] Referring to FIGS. 36a and 36 b, x, y and n each represent an integral number of each bracketed unit: “x” is the number of repeating ethylene (—CH2-CH2-) units, “y” is the number of repeating butylene (in FIG. 36a) or propylene (in FIG. 36b) units, and “n” is the number of repeating poly(ethylene/butylene) units. Numerous configurations are possible. As shown in FIGS. 37a through 37 d, the midblock may contain (i) only one type of monomer, EB, EP, B or I or, as FIGS. 37e and 37 f illustrate, (ii) a combination of monomer types EB and EP or B and 1, providing for wide variability in the physical characteristics of different midblocks made from different types or combination of types of monomers. The interaction of physical characteristics of each molecule (monomer and block) determines the physical characteristics of the tangible, visible material. In other words, the type or types of monomer molecules which make up the midblock polymer play a role in determining various characteristics of the material of which the midblock is a part.

[0227] Attributes such as strength, elongation, elasticity or visco-elasticity, softness, tackiness and plasticizer retention are, in part, determined by the type or types of midblock monomers. For example, referring again to FIG. 37a, the midblock polymer 3216 of a triblock copolymer containing material may be made up primarily or solely of ethylene-butylene monomers EB, which contribute to that material's physical character. With reference to FIG. 37e, in comparison to the material having a midblock made up solely of EB, a similar triblock containing material, wherein the midblock polymer 3216 of the triblocks are made up of a combination of butadiene B and isoprene I monomers, may have greatly increased strength and elongation, similar elasticity or visco-elasticity and softness, reduced tackiness and reduced plasticizer bleed.

[0228] The monomer units of the midblock have an affinity for each other. However, the hydrophobic attraction of the midblock monomers for each other is much weaker than the non-covalent attraction of the end block monomers for one another.

[0229] Referring now to FIG. 38a, which shows a polystyrene-poly (butadiene+isoprene) polystyrene triblock copolymer, in a complete triblock copolymer 3810, each end 3812 and 3814 of midblock chain 3216 is covalently bound to an end block 3212 and 3214. P and P″ represent the remainder of the endblock polymers 3212 and 3214 respectively. P′ represents the central portion of midblock polymer 3216. Many billions of triblock copolymers combine to form a tangible material. The triblock copolymers are held together by the high affinity (i.e., hydrophobic attraction) that monoalkenylarene molecules have for one another. In other words, as FIG. 38b illustrates, the endblocks of each triblock copolymer molecule, each of which resemble an entangled mass of string 3414, are attracted to the endblocks of another triblock copolymer. When several endblocks are attracted to each other, they form an accretion of endblocks, called a domain or a glassy center 3816. Agglomeration of the endblocks occurs in a random fashion, which results in a three-dimensional network 3818 of triblocks, the midblock 3216 of each connecting endblocks 3212 and 3214 located at two different domains 3816 a and 3816 b. In addition to holding the material together, the domains of triblock copolymers also provide it with strength and rigidity.

[0230] Plasticizers are generally incorporated into a material to increase the workability, pliability and flexibility of that material. Incorporation of plasticizers into a material is known as plasticization. Chemically, plasticizers are hydrocarbon molecules which associate with the material into which they are incorporated, as represented in FIG. 39a. In the example gel material, plasticizer molecules 3910 associate with the triblock copolymer 3210, and increase its workability, softness, elongation and elasticity or visco-elasticity. Depending upon the type of plasticizer used, the plasticizer molecules associate with either the endblocks, the midblock, or both. In order to preserve the strength of the example gel materials, Applicant prefers the predominant use of plasticizers 3910 which associate primarily with midblock polymer 3216 of triblock copolymer 3818, rather than with the end blocks. However, plasticizers which associate with the end blocks may also be useful in some formulations of the example gel material. Plasticizers are also desired which associate with the principle thermoplastic polymer component of the gel material.

[0231] Chemists have proposed four general theories to explain the effects that plasticizers have on certain materials. These theories are known as the lubricity theory, the gel theory, the mechanistic theory and the free volume theory.

[0232] The lubricity theory, illustrated in FIGS. 39b through 39 d, assumes that the rigidity of a material (i.e., its resistance to deformation) is caused by intermolecular friction. Under this theory, plasticizer molecules 3910 lubricate the large molecules, facilitating movement of the large molecules over each other. See generally, Jacqueline 1. Kroschwitz, ed., CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POLYMER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 734-44, Plasticizers (1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference. In the case of triblock copolymers, lubrication of the endblocks should be avoided since the endblock domains are responsible for holding the triblock copolymers together and impart the material with strength (e.g., tensile strength during elongation). Thus, a plasticizer which associates with the midblocks is example. According to the lubricity theory, when manipulative force is exerted on the material, plasticizer 3910 facilitates movement of midblocks 3216 past each other. Id. at 734-35. The arrows in FIGS. 39b, 39 c and 39 d represent the motion of midblocks 3216 with respect to each other. FIG. 39b represents adjacent midblocks being pulled away from each other. FIG. 39c represents two midblocks being forced side-to-side. FIG. 39d represents adjacent midblocks being pulled across one another.

[0233]FIGS. 39e and 39 f depict a second plasticization theory, the gel theory, which reasons that the resistance of amorphous polymers to deformation results from an internal, three dimensional honeycomb structure or gel. Loose attachments between adjacent polymer chains, which occur at intervals along the chains, called attachment points, form the gel. Closer attachment between adjacent chains creates a stiffer and more brittle material. Plasticizers 3910 break, or solvate, the points of attachment 3914 between polymer chains, loosening the structure of the material. Thus, plasticizers produce about the same effect on a material as if there were fewer attachment points between polymer chains, making the material softer or less brittle. See Id. at 735. Since one of the purposes of the example gel is to provide a material which does not have significantly decreased tensile strength, which is provided by agglomeration of the endblocks, according to the gel theory plasticizer 3910 should associate with midblocks 3216 rather than with the endblocks. Further, a plasticizer which associates with the midblock polymers decreases the attachment of adjacent midblocks, which likely decreases the rigidity while increasing the pliability, elongation and elasticity or visco-elasticity of the material. Similar to the lubricity theory, under the gel theory, reduction of attachment points between adjacent midblocks facilitates movement of the midblocks past one another as force is applied to the material.

[0234] Referring now to FIG. 39g, the mechanistic theory of plasticization assumes that different types of plasticizers 3910, 3912, etc. are attracted to polymer chains by forces of different magnitudes. In addition, the mechanistic theory supposes that, rather than attach permanently, a plasticizer molecule attaches to a given attachment point only to be later dislodged and replaced by another plasticizer molecule. This continuous exchange of plasticizers 3910, 3912, etc., demonstrated by FIG. 39g as different stages connected by arrows which represent an equilibrium between each stage, is known as a dynamic equilibrium between solvation and desolvation of the attachment points between adjacent polymer chains. The number or fraction of attachment points affected by a plasticizer depends upon various conditions, such as plasticizer concentration, temperature, and pressure. See Id. Accordingly, as applied to the example gel material, a large amount of plasticizer would be necessary to affect the majority of midblock attachment points and thus provide the desired amounts of rigidity, softness, pliability, elongation and elasticity or visco-elasticity.

[0235] With reference to FIGS. 39h through 39 j, the fourth plasticization theory, known as the free volume theory, assumes that there is nothing but free space between molecules. As molecular motion increases (e.g., due to heat), the free space between molecules increases. Thus, a disproportionate amount of that free volume is associated with the ends of the polymer chains. As FIGS. 39h through 39 j demonstrate, free volume is increased by using polymers with shorter chain lengths. For example, the black rectangles of FIG. 39h represent a material made up of long midblock polymers 3216. The white areas around each black rectangle represent a constant width of free space around the molecule. In FIG. 39i, a molecule 3916, which is smaller than midblock 3216, is added to the material, creating more free space. In FIG. 39j, an even smaller molecule 3918 has been added to the material. The increase in free space within the material is evident from the increased area of white space. The crux of the free volume theory is that the increase in free space or volume allows the molecules to more easily move past one another. In other words, the use of a small (or low molecular weight) plasticizer increases the ability of the midblock polymer chains to move past each other. While FIGS. 39h, 39 i and 39 j provide a fair representation of the free volume theory, in reality, the increase in free space would be much greater than a two-dimensional drawing illustrates since molecules are three dimensional structures.

[0236] Similarly, the use of polymers with flexible side chains create additional free volume around the molecule, which produces a similar plasticization-like effect, called internal plasticization. Applicant believes that incorporation of monomers into the midblock, which create flexible side chains thereon, including but not limited to isoprene (either hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated) and ethylene/propylene monomers, creates internal plasticization. In compassion, the addition of an even smaller plasticizer molecule, described above, increases the free space at a given location; this is external plasticization. The size and shape of plasticizing molecule and the nature of its atoms and groups of atoms (i.e., nonpolar, polar, hydrogen bonding or not, and dense or light) determines the plasticizer's plasticizing ability on a specific polymer. See Id.

[0237] With this general background in mind, Applicant will explain the formulation, chemical structure and performance of the example gel material.

[0238] 2. Definitions

[0239] For the reader's convenience, Applicant has defined several terms which are used throughout the description of the present gel. Additionally, other terms have been defined throughout the detailed description of the example gel material.

[0240] a. Elasticity and Visco-Elasticity

[0241] When finite strains are imposed upon visco-elastic materials, such as the example gel materials, the stress-strain relations are much more complicated than those ordinarily anticipated in accordance with the classical theory of elasticity (Hooke's law) or the classical theory of hydrodynamics (Newton's law). According to Hooke's law, stress is always directly proportional to strain in small deformations but independent of the rate of strain or the strain history. Newton's law of hydrodynamics, which deals with the properties of viscous liquids, states that stress is always directly proportional to the rate of strain but independent of the strain itself.

[0242] “Elastic,” as defined herein, refers to a characteristic of materials which return substantially to their original shape following deformation and the subsequent cessation of deforming force.

[0243] “Visco-,” as defined herein, relates to both the rate of deformation and the rate of reformation. In reference to deformation rate, the faster a deforming force is applied to a visco elastic material, the stiffer it is. The rate of reformation of a visco-elastic material is slower than that of a truly elastic material.

[0244] Even if both strain and rate of strain are infinitesimal, a visco-elastic material may exhibit behavior that combines liquid-like and solid-like characteristics. For example, materials that exhibit not-quite-solid-like; characteristics do not maintain a constant deformation under constant stress but deform, or creep, gradually over time. Under constant deformation, the stress required to hold a visco-elastic material in the deformed state gradually diminishes until it reaches a relatively steady state. On the other hand, a visco-elastic material that exhibits not-quite-liquid like characteristics may, while flowing under constant stress, store some of the energy input instead of dissipating it all as heat. The stored energy may then cause the material to at least partially recover from its deformation, known as elastic recoil, when the stress is removed. When viscoelastic materials are subjected to sinusoidally oscillating stress, the strain is neither exactly in phase with the stress (as it would be for a perfectly elastic solid) nor 90° out of phase (as it would be for a perfectly viscous liquid), but is somewhere in between. Visco-elastic materials store and recover some of the deforming energy during each cycle, and dissipate some of the energy as heat. If the strain and rate of strain on a visco-elastic material are infinitesimal, the behavior of that material is linear viscoelastic and the ratio of stress to strain is a function of time (or frequency) alone, not of stress magnitude. The gel material example is elastic in nature. Visco-elastic materials are also useful in the cushions .

[0245] b. Rebound Rate

[0246] “Rebound rate”, as defined herein, is the amount of time it takes a one inch long piece of material to rebound to within about five percent its original shape and size following the release of stress which elongates the material to a length of two inches. The example elastic (or elastomenc) gel material useful in the cushioning elements has a rebound rate of less than about one second. The example visco-elastic (or visco-elastomeric) gel material useful in the cushioning elements has a rebound rate of at least about one second. More preferably, the example visco-elastic gel has a rebound rate within the range of about one second to about ten minutes.

[0247] “Instantaneous Rebound,” as defined herein, refers to a characteristic of a one inch long piece of an elastomeric material which returns substantially to its original size and shape in times of about one second or less following the release of stress which elongates the material to a length of two inches. “Elastomer,” as used herein, refers to the gel materials that are useful in the cushioning element hereof and which have instantaneous rebound.

[0248] “Delayed Rebound,” as used herein, refers to a characteristic of the visco-elastic materials example for use in the cushions hereof which have a rebound rate of at least about one second. More preferably, the example visco-elastomeric material has a rebound rate within the range of about one second to about ten minutes. “Visco-elastomer,” as defined herein, refers to gel materials useful in the cushions which exhibit delayed rebound characteristics.

[0249] C. Resins

[0250] The term “resin” is defined herein as a solid or semisolid fusible, organic substance that is usually transparent or translucent, is soluble in organic solvent but not in water, is an electrical nonconductor, and includes tackifiers. Resins are complex mixtures which associate together due to similar physical or chemical properties. Because of their complex nature, resins do not exhibit simple melting or boiling points.

[0251] “Resinous” as used herein refers to resins and resin-like materials.

[0252] “Resinous plasticizers” as used herein refers to plasticizers which include a majority, by weight, of a resin or resins.

[0253] “Tackifier” as used herein refers to resins that add tack to the resulting mixture. The primary function of a tackifier is to add tack. The secondary functions of tackifiers include modification of both melt viscosity and melt temperature.

[0254] Tackifiers are normally low molecular weight and high glass transition temperature (Tg) materials, and are sometimes characterized as highly condensed acrylic structures. The most commonly used tackifiers are rosin derivatives, terpene resins, and synthetic or naturally derived petroleum resins. A tackifier's effectiveness is largely determined by its compatibility with the rubber component and by its ability to improve the tackiness of a material.

[0255] “Low molecular weight,” as defined herein with reference to resins, means resins having a weight average molecular weight of less than about 50,000.

[0256] Resins and tackifiers are used in some example formulations of the example gel cushioning medium.

[0257] d. Oils

[0258] The term “oil” is defined herein as naturally occurring hydrocarbon liquids, the carbons of which are primarily saturated with hydrogen atoms. Oils example for use in the example gel are mineral oils.

[0259] “Paraffinic” oils have include straight-chain or branched-chain structures. “Naphthenic” oils include cyclic hydrocarbon structures. When an oil contains both paraffinic- and naphthenic-type structures, the relative concentrations of each type of structure determine whether the oil is identified as naphthenic or paraffinic.

[0260] “Oil viscosity” is defined herein as the measurement of time it takes a given volume of oil to pass through an orifice, such as a capillary tube. Viscosity measurements include the Saybolt universal second (SUS), stokes (s) and centistokes (cs).

[0261] e. Molecular Weight

[0262] “Number Average Molecular Weight” (Mn), as determined by gel permeation chromatography, provides information about the lower molecular weight parts of a substance which includes hydrocarbon molecules.

[0263] “Weight Average Molecular Weight” (MW), as determined by gel permeation chromatography, indicates the average molecular weight of hydrocarbon molecules in a substance. This is the value that is commonly used in reference to the molecular weight of a hydrocarbon molecule.

[0264] “Z-Average Molecular Weight” (Mz), as determined by gel permeation chromatography, is used as an indication of the high-molecular-weight portion of a substance which includes hydrocarbon molecules. When the substance is a resin, the Z-average molecular weight indicates the compatibility and adhesive properties of that resin.

[0265] Molecular weight values may also be determined by any of several other methods, such as the Flory viscosity method, the Staudinger viscosity method, light scattering in combination with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, and others.

[0266] f. Cloud Point Tests

[0267] The following values, which are determined by cloud point tests, are useful in determining the compatibility of a resin with different types of materials.

[0268] “MMAP,” as defined herein, is a measurement of aromatic solubility and determines the aliphatic/aromatic character of a resin. The MMAP value is obtained by dissolving a resin in a high temperature mixture of one part methylcyclohexane and two parts aniline, and cooling the solution while mixing to determine the temperature at which the mixture starts becoming cloudy, which is commonly referred to as the cloud point. The lower the MMAP value, the greater the aromaticity and lower the aliphaticity of the resin.

[0269] “DACP,” as defined herein, is a value which determines the polarity of a resin due to the highly polar nature of the solvent system. In order to determine the DACP value of resin, the resin must first be dissolved in a heated 1:1 mixture of xylene and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanone. The solution its then cooled with mixing. The temperature at which the solution begins becoming opaque is the cloud point, which is the DACP value.

[0270] Since specific adhesion is related to the polarity of a resin, the DACP value can be used as a specific adhesion indicator. Lower DACP values indicate greater specific adhesion.

[0271] “OMSCP,” as defined herein, is a value which is related to the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of a resin. OMSCP can determine the compatibility characteristics of a resin/polymer system. The higher the OMS cloud point, the greater the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of a resin. In particular, high OMSCP values can indicate the presence of high molecular weight materials (of Z-average molecular weight).

[0272] The term “OMSCI” is derived from the method for determining OMSCP values. A resin is first dissolved in a high temperature mixture of odorless mineral spirits (OMS). The solution is then cooled with mixing. The temperature at which the mixture starts becoming cloudy is referred to as the cloud point (CP), or OMSCP value.

[0273] 3. Material Formulations

[0274] a. Elastorner Component

[0275] Preferably, the compositions of the example gel materials are low durometer (as defined below) thermoplastic elastomeric compounds and viscoelastomeric compounds which include a principle polymer component, an elastomeric block copolymer component and a plasticizer component.

[0276] The elastomer component of the example gel material includes a triblock polymer of the general configuration A-B-A, wherein the A represents a crystalline polymer such as a mono alkenylarene polymer, including but not limited to polystyrene and functionalized polystyrene, and the B is an elastomenc polymer such as polyethylene, polybutylene, poly(ethylene/butylene), hydrogenated poly(isoprene), hydrogenated poly(butadiene), hydrogenated poly(isoprene+butadiene), poly(ethylene/propylene) or hydrogenated poly(ethylene/butylene+ethylene/propylene), or others. The A components of the material link to each other to provide strength, while the B components provide elasticity. Polymers of greater molecular weight are achieved by combining many of the A components in the A portions of each A-B-A structure and combining many of the B components in the B portion of the A-B-A structure, along with the networking of the A-B-A molecules into large polymer networks.

[0277] A example elastomer for making the example gel material is a very high to ultra high molecular weight elastomer and oil compound having an extremely high Brookfield Viscosity (hereinafter referred to as “solution viscosity”). Solution viscosity is generally indicative of molecular weight. “Solution viscosity” is defined as the viscosity of a solid when dissolved in toluene at 25-30° C., measured in centipoises (cps). “Very high molecular weight” is defined herein in reference to elastomers having a solution viscosity, 20 weight percent solids in 80 weight percent toluene, the weight percentages being based upon the total weight of the solution, from greater than about 20,000 cps to about 50,000 cps. An “ultra high molecular weight elastomer” is defined herein as an elastomer having a solution viscosity, 20 weight percent solids in 80 weight percent toluene, of greater than about 50,000 cps. Ultra high molecular weight elastomers have a solution viscosity, 10 weight percent solids in 90 weight percent toluene, the weight percentages being based upon the total weight of the solution, of about 800 to about 30,000 cps and greater. The solution viscosities, in 80 weight percent toluene, of the A-B-A block copolymers useful in the elastomer component of the example gel cushioning material are substantially greater than 30,000 cps. The solution viscosities, in 90 weight percent toluene, of the example A-B-A elastomers useful in the elastomer component of the example gel are in the range of about 2,000 cps to about 20,000 cps. Thus, the example elastomer component of the example gel material has a very high to ultra high molecular weight.

[0278] Applicant has discovered that, after surpassing a certain optimum molecular weight range, some elastomers exhibit lower tensile strength than similar materials with optimum molecular weight copolymers. Thus, merely increasing the molecular weight of the elastomer will not always result in increased tensile strength.

[0279] The elastomeric B portion of the example A-B-A polymers has an exceptional affinity for most plasticizing agents, including but not limited to several types of oils, resins, and others. When the network of A-B-A molecules is denatured, plasticizers which have an affinity for the B block can readily associate: with the B blocks. Upon renaturation of the network of A-B-A molecules, the plasticizer remains highly associated with the B portions, reducing or even eliminating plasticizer bleed from the material when compared with similar materials in the prior art, even at very high oil:elastomer ratios. The reason for this performance may be any of the plasticization theories explained above (i.e., lubricity theory, gel theory, mechanistic theory, and free volume theory).

[0280] The elastomer used in the example gel cushioning medium is preferably an ultra high molecular weight polystyrene-hydrogenated poly(isoprene+butadiene)-polystyrene, such as those sold under the brand names SEPTON 4045, SEPTON 4055 and SEPTON 4077 by Kuraray, an ultra high molecular weight polystyrene-hydrogenated polyisoprene-polystyrene such as the elastomers made by Kuraray and sold as SEPTON 2005 and SEPTON 2006, or an ultra high molecular weight polystyrene-hydrogenated polybutadiene-polystyrene, such as that sold as SEPTON 8006 by Kuraray. High to very high molecular weight polystyrene-hydrogenated poly(isoprene+butadiene)-polystyrene elastomers, such as that sold under the trade name SEPTON 4033 by Kuraray, are also useful in some formulations of the example gel material because they are easier to process than the example ultra high molecular weight elastomers due to their effect on the melt viscosity of the material.

[0281] Following hydrogenation of the midblocks of each of SEPTON 4033, SEPTON 4045, SEPTON 4055, and SEPTON 4077, less than about five percent of the double bonds remain. Thus, substantially all of the double bonds are removed from the midblock by hydrogenation.

[0282] Applicant's most example elastomer for use in the example gel is SEPTON 4055 or another material that has similar chemical and physical characteristics. SEPTON 4055 has the optimum molecular weight (approximately 300,000, as determined by Applicant's gel permeation chromatography testing). SEPTON 4077 has a somewhat higher molecular weight, and SEPTON 4045 has a somewhat lower molecular weight than SEPTON 4055. Materials which include either SEPTON 4045 or SEPTON 4077 as the primary block copolymer typically have lower tensile strength than similar materials made with SEPTON 4055.

[0283] Kuraray Co. Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan has stated that the solution viscosity of SEPTON 4055, the most example A-B-A triblock copolymer for use in the example gel material, 10% solids in 90% toluene at 25° C., is about 5,800 cps. Kuraray also said that the solution viscosity of SEPTON 4055, 5% solids in 95% toluene at 25° C., is about 90 cps. Although Kuraray has not provided a solution viscosity, 20% solids in 80% toluene at 25° C., an extrapolation of the two data points given shows that such a solution viscosity would be about 400,000 cps. Applicant reads the prior art as consistently teaching away from such high solution viscosities.

[0284] Applicant confirmed Kuraray's data by having an independent laboratory, SGS U.S. Testing Company Inc. of Fairfield, N.J., test the solution viscosity of SEPTON 4055. When SGS attempted to dissolve 20% solids in 80% toluene at 25° C., the resulting material did not resemble a solution. Therefore, SGS determined the solution viscosity of SEPTON 4055 using 10% solids in 90% toluene at 25° C., which resulted in a 3,040 cps solution.

[0285] Other materials with chemical and physical characteristics similar to those of SEPTON 4055 include other A-B-A triblock copolymers which have a hydrogenated midblock polymer that is made up of at least about 30% isoprene monomers and at least about 30% butadiene monomers, the percentages being based on the total number of monomers that make up the midblock polymer. Similarly, other A-B-A triblock copolymers which have a hydrogenated midblock polymer that is made up of at least about 30% ethylene/propylene monomers and at least about 30% ethyleneibutylene monomers, the percentages being based on the total number of monomers that make up the midblock polymer, are materials with chemical and physical characteristics similar to those of SEPTON 4055.

[0286] Mixtures of block copolymer elastomers are also useful as the elastomer component of some of the formulations of the example gel cushioning medium. In such mixtures, each type of block copolymer contributes different properties to the material. For example, high strength triblock copolymer elastomers are desired to improve the tensile strength and durability of a material. However, some high strength triblock copolymers are very difficult to process with some plasticizers. Thus, in such a case, block copolymer elastomers which improve the processability of the materials are desirable.

[0287] In particular, the process of compounding SEPTON 4055 with plasticizers may be improved via a lower melt viscosity by using a small amount of more flowable elastomer such as SEPTON 8006, SEPTON 2005, SEPTON 2006, or SEPTON 4033, to name only a few, without significantly changing the physical characteristics of the material.

[0288] In a second example of the usefulness of block copolymer elastomer mixtures in the example gel materials, many block copolymers are not good compatibilizers. Other block copolymers readily form compatible mixtures, but have other undesirable properties. Thus, the use of small amount of elastomers which improve the uniformity with which a material mixes are desired. KRATONO G 1701, manufactured by Shell Chemical Company of Houston, Texas, is one such elastomer that improves the uniformity with which the components of the example gel material mix.

[0289] Many other elastomers, including but not limited to triblock copolymers and diblock copolymers are also useful in the example gel material. Applicant believes that elastomers having a significantly higher molecular weight than the ultra-high molecular weight elastomers useful in the example gel material increase the softness thereof, but decrease the strength of the gel. Thus, high to ultra high molecular weight elastomers, as defined above, are desired for use in the example gel material due to the strength of such elastomers when combined with a plasticizer.

[0290] b. Additives

[0291] i. Polarizable Plasticizer Bleed-Reducing Additives 65

[0292] Preferably, the gel materials used in the cushions do not exhibit migration of plasticizers, even when placed against materials which readily exhibit a high degree of capillary action, such as paper, at room temperature.

[0293] A example plasticizer bleed-reducing additive that is useful in the example gel cushioning material includes hydrocarbon chains with readily polarizable groups thereon. Such polarizable groups include, without limitation, halogenated hydrocarbon groups, halogens, nitrites, and others. Applicant believes that the polarizability of such groups on the hydrocarbon molecule of the bleed-reducing additive have a tendency to form weak van der Waals bonding with the long hydrocarbon chains of the rubber portion of an elastomer and with the plasticizer molecules. Due to the great length of typical rubber polymers, several of the bleed-reducers will be attracted thereto, while fewer will be attracted to each plasticizer molecule. The bleed-reducing additives are believed to hold the plasticizer molecules and the elastomer molecules thereto, facilitating attraction between the elastomeric block and the plasticizer molecule. In other words, the example bleed-reducing additives are believed to attract a plasticizer molecule at one polarizable site, while attracting an elastomeric block at another polarizable site, thus maintaining the association of the plasticizer molecules with the elastomer molecules, which inhibits exudation of the plasticizer molecules from the elastomer-plasticizer compound. Thus, each of the plasticizer molecules is preferably attracted to an elastomeric block by means of a bleed-reducing additive.

[0294] The example bleed-reducing additives that are useful in the example gel material have a plurality of polarizable groups thereon, which facilitate bonding an additive molecule to a plurality of elastomer molecules and/or plasticizer molecules. It is believed that an additive molecule with more polarizable sites thereon will bond to more plasticizer molecules. Preferably, the additive molecules remain in a liquid or a solid state during processing of the gel material.

[0295] The most example bleed-reducing additives for use in the example gel material are halogenated hydrocarbon additives such as those sold under the trade name DYNAMAR™ PPA 791, DYNAMAR™ PPA-790, DYNAMAR™ FX-9613, and FLUORAD® FC 10 Fluorochemical Alcohol, each by 3M Company of St. Paul, Minn. Other additives are also useful to reduce plasticizer exudation from the example gel material. Such additives include, without limitation, other halogenated hydrocarbons sold under the trade name FLUORAD®, including without limitation FC-129, FC-135, FC-430, FC-722, FC-724, FC-740, FX-8, FX-13, FX-14 and FX-189; halogentated hydrocarbons such as those sold under the trade name ZONYL®, including without limitation FSN 100, FSO 100, PFBE, 8857A, TM, BA-L, BA-N, TBC and FTS, each of which are manufactured by du Pont of Wilmington, Del.; halogenated hydrocarbons, sold under the trade name EMCOL by Witco Corp of Houston, Tex., including without limitation 4500 and DOSS; other halogenated hydrocarbons sold by 3M under the trade name DYNAMA.RTM; chlorinated polyethylene elastomer (CPE), distributed by Harwick, Inc. of Akron, Ohio; chlorinated paraffin wax, distributed by Harwick, Inc.; and others.

[0296] ii. Detackifiers

[0297] The example material may include a detackifier. Tack is not a desirable feature in many potential uses for the cushions. However, some of the elastomeric copolymers and plasticizers useful in the example cushioning media for the cushioning elements may impart tack to the media.

[0298] Soaps, detergents and other surfactants have detackifying abilities and are useful in the example gel material. “Surfactants,” as defined herein, refers to soluble surface active agents which contain groups that have opposite polarity and solubilizing tendencies. Surfactants form a monolayer at interfaces between hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases; when not located at a phase interface, surfactants form micelles. Surfactants have detergency, foaming, wetting, emulsifying and dispersing properties. Sharp, D. W. A., DICTIONARY of CHEMISTRY, 381-82 (Penguin, 1990). For example, coco diethanolamide, a common ingredient in shampoos, is useful in the example gel material as a detackifying agent. Coco diethanolamide resists evaporation, is stable, relatively non-toxic, non-flammable and does not support microbial growth. Many different soap or detergent compositions could be used in the material as well.

[0299] Other known detackifiers include glycerin, epoxidized soybean oil, dimethicone, tributyl phosphate, block copolymer polyether, diethylene glycol mono oleate, tetraethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, and silicone, to name only a few. Glycerine is available from a wide variety of sources. Witco Corp. of Greenwich, Connecticut sells epoxidized soybean oil as DRAPEX 6.8. Dimethicone is available from a variety of vendors, including GE Specialty Chemicals of Parkersburg, W. Va. under the trade name GE SF 96-350. C.P. Hall Co. of Chicago, Ill. markets block copolymer polyether as PLURONIC L-61. C.P. Hall Co. also manufactures and markets diethylene glycol mono oleate under the name Diglycol Oleate Hallco CPH-1-SE. Other emulsifiers and dispersants are also useful in the example gel material. Tetraethyleneglycol dimethyl ether is available under the trade name TETRAGLYME from Ferro Corporation of Zachary, La. Applicant believes that TETRAGLYME also reduces plasticizer exudation from the example gel material.

[0300] iii. Antioxidants

[0301] The example gel material also includes additives such as an antioxidant. Antioxidants such as those sold under the trade names IRGANOX® 1010 and IRGAFOS® 168 by Ciba-Geigy Corp. of Tarrytown, N.Y. are useful by themselves or in combination with other antioxidants in the example materials.

[0302] Antioxidants protect the example gel materials against thermal degradation during processing, which requires or generates heat. In addition, antioxidants provide long term protection from free radicals. A example antioxidant inhibits thermo-oxidative degradation of the compound or material to which it is added, providing long term resistance to polymer degradation. Preferably, an antioxidant added to the example gel cushioning medium is useful in food packaging applications, subject to the provisions of 21 C.F.R. § 178.2010 and other laws.

[0303] Heat, light (in the form of high energy radiation), mechanical stress, catalyst residues, and reaction of a material with impurities all cause oxidation of the material. In the process of oxidation, highly reactive molecules known as free radicals are formed and react in the presence of oxygen to form peroxy free radicals, which further react with organic material (hydro-carbon molecules) to form hydroperoxides.

[0304] The two major classes of antioxidants are the primary antioxidants and the secondary antioxidants. Peroxy free radicals are more likely to react with primary antioxidants than with most other hydrocarbons. In the absence of a primary antioxidant, a peroxy free radical would break a hydrocarbon chain. Thus, primary antioxidants deactivate a peroxy free radical before it has a chance to attack and oxidize an organic material.

[0305] Most primary antioxidants are known as sterically hindered phenols. One example of sterically hindered phenol is the C73H108,012 marketed by Ciba-Geigy as IRGANOX® 1010, which has the chemical name 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, 2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(dimethyletllyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]1,3-propanediyl ester. The FDA refers to IRGANOX® 1010 as tetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnimate)]methane. Other hindered phenols are also useful as primary antioxidants in the example material.

[0306] Similarly, secondary antioxidants react more rapidly with hydroperoxides than most other hydrocarbon molecules. Secondary antioxidants have been referred to as hydroperoxide decomposers. Thus, secondary antioxidants protect organic materials from oxidative degradation by hydroperoxides.

[0307] Commonly used secondary antioxidants include the chemical classes of phosphites/phosphonites and thioesters, many of which are useful in the example gel material. The hydroperoxide decomposer used by Applicant is a CQZH6,03P phosphite known as Tris(2,4di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite and marketed by Ciba-Geigy as IRGAFOS® 168.

[0308] It is known in the art that primary and secondary antioxidants form synergistic combinations to ward off attacks from both peroxy free radicals and hydroperoxides.

[0309] Other antioxidants, including but not limited to multi-functional antioxidants, are also useful in the example material. Multifunctional antioxidants have the reactivity of both a primary and a secondary antioxidant. IRGANOX® 1520 D, manufactured by Ciba-Geigy is one example of a multifunctional antioxidant. Vitamin E antioxidants, such as that sold by CibaGeigy as IRGANOX® E17, are also useful in the example cushioning material for use in the cushions.

[0310] Preferably, the example gel material includes up to about three weight percent antioxidant, based on the weight of the elastomer component, when only one type of antioxidant is used. The material may include as little as 0.1 weight percent of an antioxidant, or no antioxidant at all. When a combination of antioxidants is used, each may comprise up to about three weight percent, based on the weight of the elastomer component. Additional antioxidants may be added for severe processing conditions involving excessive heat or long duration at a high temperature.

[0311] Applicant believes that the use of excess antioxidants reduces or eliminates tack on the exterior surface of the example gel material. Excess antioxidants appear to migrate to the exterior surface of the material following compounding of the material. Such apparent migration occurs over substantial periods of time, from hours to days or even longer.

[0312] iv. Flame Retardants

[0313] Flame retardants may also be added to the example gel materials. Flame retardants useful in the cushioning elements include but are not limited to diatomaceous earth flame retardants sold as GREAT LAKES DE 83R and GREAT LAKES DE 79 by Great Lakes Filter, Division of Acme Mills Co. of Detroit, Mich. Most flame retardants that are useful in elastomeric materials are also useful in the example gel material. In particular, Applicant prefers the use of food grade flame retardants which do not significantly diminish the physical properties of the example gel material.

[0314] Chemical blowing agents, such as SAFOAM® FP-40, manufactured by Reedy International Corporation of Keyport, N.J. and others are useful for making a gel cushioning medium that is self-extinguishing.

[0315] V. Colorants

[0316] Colorants may also be used in the example gel materials for use in the cushions. Any colorant which is compatible with elastomeric materials may be used in the materials. In particular, Applicant prefers to use aluminum lake colorants such as those manufactured by Warner Jenkinson Corp. of St. Louis, Mo.; pigments manufactured by Day Glo Color Corp. of Cleveland, Ohio; Lamp Black, such as that sold by Spectrum Chemical Manufacturing Corp. of Gardena, Calif.; and Titanium Dioxide (white). By using these colorants, the gel material takes on intense shades of colors, including but not limited to pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, flesh, white and black.

[0317] vi. Paint

[0318] The example gel cushioning medium may also be painted.

[0319] vii. Other Additives

[0320] Other additives may also be added to the example gel material. Additives such as foaming facilitators, tack modifiers, plasticizer bleed modifiers, flame retardants, melt viscosity modifiers, melt temperature modifiers, tensile strength modifiers, and shrinkage inhibitors are useful in specific formulations of the example gel material.

[0321] Melt temperature modifiers useful in the example gel include cross-linking agents, hydrocarbon resins, diblock copolymers of the general configuration A-B and triblock copolymers of the general configuration A-B-A wherein the end block A polymers include functionalized styrene monomers, and others.

[0322] Tack modifiers which tend to reduce tack and which are useful in the example gel include surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, and others. Tack modifiers which tend to increase the tack of the material and which are useful in the material include hydrocarbon resins, polyisobutylene, butyl rubber and others.

[0323] Foam facilitators that are useful in the gel material include polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants and others.

[0324] Plasticizer bleed modifiers which tend to reduce plasticizer exudation from the example material and which are useful therein include hydrocarbon resins, elastomeric diblock copolymers, polyisobutylene, butyl rubber, transpolyoctenylene rubber (“tor rubber”), and others.

[0325] Flame retardants useful in the example gel include halogenated flame retardants, non-halogenated flame retardants, and volatile, non-oxygen gas forming chemicals and compounds.

[0326] Melt viscosity modifiers that tend to reduce the melt viscosity of the pre-compounded component mixture of the example cushioning medium include hydrocarbon resins, transpolyoctenylene rubber, castor oil, linseed oil, non-ultra high molecular weight thermoplastic rubbers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, and others.

[0327] Melt viscosity modifiers that tend to increase the melt viscosity of the pre-compounded component mixture of the example gel material include hydrocarbon resins, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, additional triblock copolymers having the general configuration A-B-A and a molecular weight greater than that of each of the block copolymers in the elastomeric block copolymer component of the material, particulate fillers, microspheres, butadiene rubber, ethylene/propylene rubber, ethylene/butylene rubber, and others.

[0328] Tensile strength modifiers which tend to increase the tensile strength of the example gel material for use in the cushions include mid block B-associating hydrocarbon resins, non-end-block solvating hydrocarbon resins which associate with the end blocks, particulate reinforcers, and others.

[0329] Shrinkage inhibitors, which tend to reduce shrinkage of the gel material following compounding, that are useful in the material include hydrocarbon resins, particulate fillers, microspheres, transpolyoctenylene rubber, and others.

[0330] C. Microspheres

[0331] Microspheres may also be added to the example gel material. The gel material may contain up to about 90% microspheres, by volume. In one example microsphere-containing formulation of the example gel material, microspheres make up at least about 30% of the total volume of the material. A second example microsphere-containing formulation of the example gel cushioning medium includes at least about 50% microspheres, by volume.

[0332] Different types of microspheres contribute various properties to the material. For example, hollow acrylic microspheres, such as those marketed under the brand name MICROPEARL, and generally in the 20 to 200 micron size range, by Matsumoto Yushi-Seiyaku Co., Ltd. of Osaka, Japan, lower the specific gravity of the material. In other formulations of the gel, the microspheres may be unexpanded DU(091-80), which expand during processing of the example gel cushioning medium, or pre-expanded DE (091-80) acrylic microspheres from Expancel Inc. of Duluth, Ga.

[0333] In formulations of the example material which include hollow acrylic microspheres, the microspheres preferably have substantially instantaneous rebound when subjected to a compression force which compresses the microspheres to a thickness of up to about 50% of their original diameter or less.

[0334] Hollow microspheres also decrease the specific gravity of the gel material by creating gas pockets therein. In many cushioning applications, very low specific gravities are example. The specific gravity of the example gel cushioning medium may range from about 0.06 to about 1.30, depending in part upon the amount and specific gravity of fillers and additives, including microspheres and foaming agents. In many cushioning applications , a gel material having a specific gravity of less than about 0.50 is example. When a gel material example for use in cushions includes the example microspheres, the microspheres must be dispersed, on average, at a distance of about one-and-a half (1.5) times the average microsphere diameter or a lesser distance from one another in order to achieve a specific gravity of less than about 0.50. A specific gravity of less than about 0.30 is example for use in some cushions. Other formulations of the example gel material have specific gravities of less than about 0.65, less than about 0.45, and less than about 0.25.

[0335] MICROPEARL and EXPANCEL acrylic microspheres are example because of their highly flexible nature, as explained above, which tend to not restrict deformation of the thermoplastic elastomer. Glass, ceramic, and other types of microspheres may also be used in the thermoplastic gel material, but are less example.

[0336] d. Plasticizer Component

[0337] As explained above, plasticizers allow the midblocks of a network of triblock copolymer molecules to move past one, another. Thus, Applicant believes that plasticizers, when trapped within the three dimensional web of triblock copolymer molecules, facilitate the disentanglement and elongation of the elastomeric midblocks as a load is placed on the network. Similarly, Applicant believes that plasticizers facilitate recontraction of the elastomeric midblocks following release of the load. The plasticizer component of the example gel cushioning medium may include oil, resin, a mixture of oils, a mixture of resins, other lubricating materials, or any combination of the foregoing.

[0338] i. Oils

[0339] The plasticizer component of the example gel material may include a commercially available oil or mixture of oils. The plasticizer component may include other plasticizing agents, such as liquid oligomers and others, as well. Both naturally derived and synthetic oils are useful in the example gel material. Preferably, the oils have a viscosity of about 70 SUS to about 500 SUS at about 100° F. Most example for use in the gel material are paraffinic white mineral oils having a viscosity in the range of about 90 SUS to about 200 SUS at about 100° F.

[0340] One embodiment of a plasticizer component of the example gel includes paraffinic white mineral oils, such as those having the brand name DUOPRIME, by Lyondell Lubricants of Houston, Tex., and the oils sold under the brand name TUFFLO by Witco Corporation of Petrolia, Pa. For example, the plasticizer component of the example gel may include paraffinic white mineral oil such as that sold under the trade name LP-150 by Witco.

[0341] Paraffinic white mineral oils having an average viscosity of about 90 SUS, such as DUOPRIME 90, are example for use in other embodiments of the plasticizer component of the example gel cushioning medium. Applicant has found that DUOPRIME 90 and oils with similar physical properties can be used to impart the greatest strength to the example gel 9 material.

[0342] Other oils are also useful as plasticizers in compounding the gel material. Examples of representative commercially available oils include processing oils such as paraffinic and naphthenic petroleum oils, highly refined aromatic-free or low aromaticity paraffinic and naphthenic food and technical grade white petroleum mineral oils, and synthetic liquid oligomers of polybutene, polypropene, polyterpene, etc., and others. The synthetic series process oils are oligomers which are permanently fluid liquid non-olefins, isoparaffins or paraffins. Many such oils are known and commercially available. Examples of representative commercially available oils include Amoco® polybutenes, hydrogenated polybutenes and polybutenes with epoxide functionality at one end of the polybutene polymer. Examples of such Amoco polybutenes include: L-14 (320 Mn), L-50 (420 Mn), L-100 (460 Mn), H-15 (560 Mn), H-25 (610 Mn), H-35 (660 Mn), H-50 (750 Mn),13-100 (920 Mn), H-300 (1290 Mn, L-14E (27-37 cst @ 100° F. Viscosity), L-300E (635-6′90 cst @ 210° F. Viscosity), Actipol E6 (365 Mn), E16 (973 Mn), E23 (1433 Mn) and the like. Examples of various commercially available oils include: Bayol, Bernol, American, Blandol, Drakeol, Ervol, Gloria, Kaydol, Litetek, Marcol, Parol, Peneteck, Pnmol, Protol, Sontex, and the like.

[0343] ii. Resins

[0344] Resins useful in the plasticizer component of the example gel material include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbon-derived and rosin-derived resins having a ring and ball softening point of up to about 150° C., more preferably from about 0° C. to about 25° C., and a weight average molecular weight of at least about 300.

[0345] For use in many of the cushions, the use of resins or resin mixtures which are highly viscous flowable liquids at room temperature (about 23° C.) may be employed. Plasticizers which are fluid at room temperature impart softness to the gel material. Although room temperature flowable resins are example, resins which are not flowable liquids at room temperature are also useful in the material.

[0346] The resins most example for use in the example gel material have a ring and ball softening point of about 18° C.; melt viscosities of about 10 poises (ps) at about 61° C., about 100 ps at about 42° C. and about 1,000 ps at about 32° C.; an onset Tg of about −20° C.; a MMAP value of 68° C.; a DACP value oi′ 15° C.; an OMSCP value of less than −40° C.; a Mn of about 385; a Mw, of about 421; and a MZ of about 463. One such resin is marketed as REGALREZ® 1018 by Hercules Incorporated of Wilmington, Del. Variations of REGALREZ® 1018 which are useful in the example cushioning material have viscosities including, but not limited to, 1025 stokes, 1018 stokes, 745 stokes, 114 stokes, and others.

[0347] Room temperature flowable resins that are derived from poly-β-pinene and have softening points similar to that of REGALREZ® 1018 are also useful in the plasticizer component of the example cushioning medium. One such resin, sold as PICCOLYTE® S25 by Hercules Incorporated, has a softening point of about 25° C.; melt viscosities of about 10 ps at about 80° C., about 100 ps at about 56° C. and about 1,000 ps at about 41° C.; a MMAP value of about 88° C.; a DACP value of about 45° C.; an OMSCP value of less than about −50° C.; a MZ of about 4,800; a Mw of about 1,950; and a Mn of about 650. Other PICCOLYTE®) resins may also be used in the example gel material.

[0348] Another room temperature flowable resin which is useful in the plasticizer component of the example material is marketed as ADTAC® LV by Hercules Incorporated. That resin has a ring and ball softening point of about 5° C.; melt viscosities of about 10 ps at about 62° C., about 100 ps at about 36° C. and about 1,000 ps at about 20° C.; a MMAP value of about 93° C.; a DACP value of about 44° C.; an OMSCP value of less than about −40° C.; a MZ of about 2,600; a Mw of about 1,380; and a Mn of about 800.

[0349] Resins such as the: liquid aliphatic C-5 petroleum hydrocarbon resin sold as WINGTACK® 10 by the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio and other WINGTACK® resins are: also useful in the gel material. WINGTACK® 10 has a ring and ball softening point of about 1.0° C.; a Brookfield Viscosity of about 30,000 cps at about 25° C.; melt viscosities of about 10 ps at about 53° C. and about 100 ps at about 34° C.; an onset Tg of about −37.7° C.; a Mn of about 660; a Mw of about 800; a 1:1 polyethylene-to-resin ratio cloud point of about 89° C.; a 1:1 microcrystalline wax-to-resin ratio cloud point of about 77° C.; and a 1:1 79 paraffin wax-to-resin ratio cloud point of about 64° C.

[0350] Resins that are not readily flowable at room temperature (i.e., are solid, semi-solid, or have an extremely high viscosity) or that are solid at room temperature are also useful in the example gel material. One such solid resin is an aliphatic C-5 petroleum hydrocarbon resin having a ring and ball softening point of about 98° C.; melt viscosities of about 100 ps at about 156° C. and about 1000 ps at about 109° C.; an onset Tg of about 46.1° C.; a Mn of about 1,130; a MW of about 1,800; a 1:1 polyethylene-to-resin ratio cloud point of about 90° C.; a 1:1 microcrystalline wax-to-resin ratio cloud point of about 77° C.; and a 1:1 paraffin wax-to-resin ratio cloud point of about ,64° C. Such a resin is available as WINGTACK® 95 and is manufactured by Goodyear Chemical Co.

[0351] Polyisobutylene polymers are an example of resins which are not readily flowable at room temperature and that are useful in the example gel material. One such resin, sold as VISTANEX® LM-MS by Exxon Chemical Company of Houston, Tex., has a Tg of −60° C., a Brookfield Viscosity of about 250 cps to about 350 cps at about 350° F., a Flory molecular weight in the range of about 42,600 to about 46,100, and a Staudinger molecular weight in the range of about 10,400 to about 10,900. The Flory and Staudinger methods for determining molecular weight are based on the intrinsic viscosity of a material dissolved in diisobutylene at 18 20° C.

[0352] Glycerol esters of polymerized rosin are also useful as plasticizers in the example gel material. One such ester, manufactured and sold by Hercules Incorporated as HERCULES® Ester Gum I OD Synthetic Resin, has a softening point of about 116° C.

[0353] Many other resins are also suitable for use in the gel material. In general, plasticizing resins are example which are compatible with the B block of the elastomer used in the material, and non-compatible with the A blocks.

[0354] In some embodiments of the cushion, tacky materials may be desirable. In such embodiments, the plasticizer component of the gel material may include about 20 weight percent or more, about 40 weight percent or more, about 60 weight percent or more, or up to about 100 weight percent, based upon the weight of the plasticizer component, of a tackifier or tackifier mixture.

[0355] iii. Plasticizer Mixtures

[0356] The use of plasticizer mixtures in the plasticizer component of the example gel material is useful for tailoring the physical characteristics of the example gel material. For example, characteristics such as durometer, tack, tensile strength, elongation, melt flow and others may be modified by combining various plasticizers.

[0357] For example, a plasticizer mixture which includes at least about 37.5 weight percent of a paraffinic white mineral oil having physical characteristics similar to those of LP-150 (a viscosity of about 150 SUS at about 100° F., a viscosity of about 30 centistokes (cSt) at about 40° C., and maximum pour point of about −35° F.) and up to about 62.5 weight percent of a resin having physical characteristics similar to those of REGALREZO 1018 (such as a softening point of about 20° C.; an onset T9 of about −20° C.; a MMAP value of about 70° C.; a DACP value of about 15° C.; an OMSCP value of less than about −40° C.; and M, of about 400), all weight percentages being based upon the total weight of the plasticizer mixture, could be used in a gel cushioning medium. When compared to a material plasticized with the same amount of an oil such as LP-150, the material which includes the plasticizer mixture has decreased oil bleed and increased tack.

[0358] Applicant believes that, when resin is included with oil in a plasticizer mixture of the example gel for use in cushions, the material exhibits reduced oil bleed. For example, a formulation of the material which includes a plasticizing component which has about three parts plasticizing oil (such as LP-150), and about five parts plasticizing resin (such as REGALREZ8 1018) exhibits infinitesimal oil bleed at room temperature, if any, even when placed against materials with high capillary action, such as paper. Prior art thermoplastic elastomers bleed noticeably under these circumstances.

[0359] The plasticizer:block copolymer elastomer ratio, by total combined weight of the plasticizer component and the block copolymer elastomer component, of the example gel cushioning material for use in the cushions ranges from as low as about 1:1 or less to higher than about 25:1. In applications where plasticizer bleed is acceptable, the ratio may as high as about 100:1 or more. Especially example are plasticizer:block copolymer ratios in the range of about 2.5:1 to about 8:1. A example ratio, such as 5:1 provides the desired amounts of rigidity, elasticity and strength for many typical applications. Another example plasticizer to block copolymer elastomer ratio of the example gel material is 2.5:1, which has an unexpectedly high amount of strength and elongation.

[0360] 4. Compounding Methods

[0361] As used herein, the term “liquification” refers to the placement of the block copolymer elastomer and plasticizer components of the example gel cushioning medium in a liquid state, such as a molten state or a dissolved state.

[0362] a. Melt Blending

[0363] A example method for manufacturing the example gel material includes mixing the plasticizer, block copolymer elastomer and any additives and/or fillers (e.g., microspheres), heating the mixture to melting while agitating the mixture, and cooling the compound. This process is referred to as “melt blending.”

[0364] Excessive heat is known to cause the degradation of the elastomeric B portion of A-B-A and A-B block copolymers which are the example elastomer component of the example gel material for use in the cushions. Similarly, maintaining block copolymers at increased temperatures over prolonged periods of time often results in the degradation of the elastomeric B portion of A-B-A and A-B block copolymers. As the B molecules of an A-B-A triblock copolymer break, the triblock is separated into two diblock copolymers having the general configuration A-B. While it is believed by some in the art that the presence of A-B diblock copolymers in oil-containing plasticizer-extended A-B-A triblock copolymers reduces plasticizer bleed-out, high amounts of A-B copolymers significantly reduce the strength of the example gel material. Thus, Applicant believes that it is important to minimize the compounding temperatures and the amount of time to which the material is exposed to heat.

[0365] The plasticizers, any additives and/or fillers, and the A-B-A copolymers are premixed. Preferably, if possible, hydrophobic additives are dissolved into the plasticizer prior to adding the plasticizer component to the elastomer component. If possible, hydrophilic additives and particulate additives are preferably emulsified or mixed into the plasticizer of a example gel material prior to adding the elastomer components. The mixture is then quickly heated to melting. Preferably, the temperature of the mixture does not exceed the volatilization temperature of any component. For some of the example gel materials, Applicant prefers temperatures in the range of about 270° F. to about 290° F. For other gel materials, Applicant prefers temperatures in the range of about 360° F. to about 400° F. A melting time of about ten minutes or less is example. A melting time of about five minutes or less is more example. Even more example are melting times of about ninety seconds or less. Stirring, agitation, or, most preferably, high shearing forces are example to create a homogeneous mixture. The mixture is then cast, extruded, injection molded, etc.

[0366] Next, the mixture is cooled. When injection molding equipment and cast molds are used, the mixture may be cooled by running coolant through the mold, by the thermal mass of the mold itself, by room temperature, by a combination of the above methods, or other methods. Extruded mixtures are cooled by air or by passing the extruded mixture through coolant. Cooling times of about five minutes or less are example. A cooling time of less than one minute is most example.

[0367] Use of high shear facilitates short heating times. “High shear”, for purposes of this disclosure, is defined in terms of the length over diameter (L/D) ratio of a properly designed injection molding single screw or extruder single screw. L/D ratios of about 20:1 and higher create high shear. Twin screws, Banbury mixers and the like also create high shear. High shearing with heat mixes compounds at lower temperatures and faster rates than the use of heat alone or heat with relatively low-shear mixing. Thus, high shear forces expedite compounding of the mixture over a relatively short period of time by more readily forcing the molecules into close association with the 13 component of the A-B-A copolymer. Use of high shear also facilitates the decrease of equipment temperatures. Melt blending techniques which employ little or no shear require an external heat source. Thus, in order to avoid heat loss, the periphery of many types of melt blending equipment must be heated to a temperature higher than the melt temperature in order to transfer heat and melt a component mixture. In comparison, high shearing equipment can generate high material temperatures directly from the shear forces, substantially reducing or eliminating the need for external heating.

[0368] The use of equipment that produces high shear, such as twin screw compounding extrusion machinery, to melt blend the example gel cushioning medium can be employed. Twin screw extruders such as the ZE25 TIEBAR AIR COOLED TWIN SCREW EXTRUDER, with a 35:1 L/D ratio, manufactured by Berstorff Corporation of Charlotte, N.C., are useful for compounding the example gel material. Twin screw compounding extrusion machinery is desired for compounding the example gel material since it generates a very high level of shear and because compounding and molding, casting, extrusion, or foaming are performed in one continuous process. Alternatively, the example thermoplastic elastomeric may be compounded first, then later formed into a finished product by injection molding, extrusion, or some other 20 method.

[0369] It was mentioned above that microspheres may be added to the gel material to reduce its specific gravity and to increase its stiffness or durometer. Applicant has unexpectedly discovered that acrylic microspheres remain intact when subjected to the heat and shear of injection molding machines and extruders if the time at high temperature is kept to about five minutes or less.

[0370] Other equipment, such as batch mixers are also useful for melt blending the example gel materials for use in the cushions.

[0371] b. Solvent Blending

[0372] A second example method for making the example elastomeric compounds comprises dissolving the elastomeric component in a solvent, adding the plasticizer component and any additives and/or fillers, and removing the solvent from the mixture.

[0373] Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene may be used for mixing the example gel compounds. Sufficient solvent is added to the elastomer component to dissolve the network of block copolymer molecules. Preferably, the amount of solvent is limited to an amount sufficient for dissolving the network: of block copolymer molecules. The elastomers then dissolve in the solvent. Mixing is example since it speeds up the solvation process. Similarly, slightly elevating the mixture temperature is example since it speeds up the solvation process. Next, plasticizer, any additives and any fillers are mixed into the solvated elastomer. If possible, hydrophobic additives are preferably dissolved in the plasticizer prior to adding the plasticizer to the principle polymer, the block copolymer elastomer and the solvent. Preferably, if possible, hydrophilic additives and particulate additives are emulsified or mixed into the plasticizer prior to adding the elastomer components and solvent. The mixture is then cast into a desired shape (accounting for later shrinkage due to solvent loss) and the solvent is evaporated from the mixture.

[0374] Other methods of compounding the example materials, including but not limited to other processes for compounding, modifying and extending elastomeric materials, are also useful for compounding the example gel cushioning medium.

[0375] C. Foaming

[0376] The example gel material may be foamed. “Foaming”, as defined herein, refers to processes which form gas bubbles or gas pockets in the material. A example foamed gel material that is useful in the cushions hereof includes gas bubbles dispersed throughout the material. Both open cell and closed cell foaming are useful in the example gel material. Foaming decreases the specific gravity of the example material. In many cushioning applications, very low specific gravities are example. The specific gravity of the gel material may range, after foaming, from about 0.06 to about 1.30.

[0377] A example foamed formulation of the gel material includes at least about 10% gas bubbles or gas pockets, by volume of the material. More preferably, when the material is foamed, gas bubbles or gas pockets make up at least about 20% of the volume of the material. Other foamed formulations of the example gel material contain at least about 40% gas bubbles or gas pockets, by volume, and at least about 70% gas bubbles or pockets, by volume. Various methods for foaming the example gel material include, but are not limited to, whipping or injecting air bubbles into the material while it is in a molten state, adding compressed gas or air to the material while it is in the molten state and under pressure, adding water to the material while it is in the molten state, use of sodium bicarbonate, and use of chemical blowing agents such as those marketed under the brand name SAFOAM® by Reedy International Corporation of Keyport, N.J. and those manufactured by Boehringer Ingelheim of Ingelheim, Germany under the trade name HYDROCEROL®.

[0378] When blowing agents such as sodium bicarbonate and chemical blowing agents are used in the example gel material, the material temperature is preferably adjusted just prior to addition of the blowing agent so that the material temperature is just above the blowing temperature of the blowing agent. Following; addition of the blowing agent to the material, the material is allowed to cool so that it will retain the gas bubbles or gas pockets formed by the release of gas from the blowing agent. Preferably, the material is quickly cooled to a temperature below its Tg. The material will retain more gas bubbles and the gas bubbles will be more consistently dispersed throughout the material the quicker the material temperature cools to a temperature below the Tg.

[0379] When a example gel material is injection molded in accordance with one example compounding; method of the gel material, foaming is example just after the material has been injected into a mold. Thus, as the material passes through the injection molding machine nozzle, its temperature is preferably just higher than the blowing temperature of the blowing agent. Preferably, the material is then cooled to a temperature below its Tg.

[0380] Addition of poly isobutylene resin improves the ability of the example gel material to foam and retain cells during; the foaming; process. One such resin, known as VISTANEX® LM MS, is manufactured by Exxon Chemical Company. Similarly, surfactants, dispersants and emulsifiers such as Laureth-23, available from Lonza of Fair Lawn, N.J. under the trade name ETHOSPERSE LA-23, and others may be used to facilitate foaming of the gel material. In formulations which include oil, certain foaming oils such as Hydraulic and Transmission Oil, such as that made by Spectrum Corp. of Selmer, Tenn., may also be used in the material to facilitate foaming of the materials.

[0381] Additives which modify the gas permeability of the example gel material are example when the material is foamed. One such material, manufactured by Rohm & Haas Company of Philadelphia, Pa. and marketed under the trade name PARALOID® K 400, modifies the gas permeability of the example gel material, facilitating the material's ability to hold gas bubbles.

[0382] When foaming is desired, additives which increase the melt viscosity or melt body of the material are also useful. One such additive, PARALOID® K 400, is believed to increase the melt viscosity of the material, making it more difficult for gas bubbles to escape from the material as it cools. Another additive, ACRYLOID® F-10, manufactured by Rohm & Haas, is also believed to improve the ability of the material to entrap bubbles.

[0383] Another additive, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) crosslinks with itself and/or other molecules to increase the internal structure of the material, while reducing the material's melt viscosity. Thus, EVA is also believed to improve the gas bubble retention of the material. EVA is available from a variety of sources. High viscosity plasticizers, including without limitation DUOPRIME 500, are also believed to facilitate gas bubble retention.

[0384] Additives which act as nucleating agents are also useful for foaming the example gel material. Such additives are helpful in initiating the formation of gas bubbles. Applicant believes that antioxidants, including but not limited to IRGANOX® 1010 and IRGATOS® 168, act as nucleating agents during foaming of the material. Blowing agents such as those sold under the trade name SAFOAM® by Reedy International are also believed to have a secondary function as nucleating agents. Examples of other nucleating agents include talc, carbon black, aluminum stearate, hydrated alumina, titanium dioxide, aluminum lake colorants, and others.

[0385] Referring now to FIGS. 40a and 40 b, a example embodiment of a method for foaming the example gel cushioning material is shown. FIG. 40a illustrates the example embodiment of the foaming method using an extruder 4001. FIG. 10b shows the example embodiment of the foaming method in an injection molding machine 4001′. Preferably, the gel cushioning medium includes a blowing agent such as SAFOAM® FP-40, which is added to the non-liquid components of the cushioning medium prior to processing. About half of the plasticizer component is then added to the non-liquid components, which are then fed into extruder 4001 or injection molding machine 4001′. The remaining plasticizer is added to the mixture at 4003, 4003′ as the mixture moves along the barrel 4004, 4004′, which houses the screw or screws. Pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2), which is contained in a CO2 source 4008, 4008′ such as a pressurized cannister, is then injected into the barrel. The C02 is injected into the mixture near the end of the barrel 4004, 4004′, after a seal 4006, 4006′ and just before the nozzle 4007, 4007′. Preferably, a pumping mechanism 4009, 4009′ such as a stepping pump, which are widely used in the industry, is used to increase the pressure in barrel 4004, 4004′. The material is then discharged through nozzle 4007, 4007′.

[0386] Referring to FIG. 40a, when an extruder 4001 is used to compound and foam the example gel cushioning medium, a gear pump 4010, which is preferably positioned at the end of nozzle 4007, controls the amount of pressure in barrel 4004 and inhibits a drop in pressure at the nozzle. As the material is discharged from pump 4010 at 4011, the C02 expands, which introduces gas bubbles into the material and foams the material.

[0387] With reference to FIG. 40b, when an injection molding machine 4001′ is used to compound and foam the example gel material, an accumulator positioned just before nozzle 4007′ increases the material pressure. Following discharge from nozzle 4007′, the material passes through a heat exchanger 4012 and into the cavity (not shown) of a mold 4013. Preferably, the CO2 begins to expand and form gas bubbles in the material as the material fills the mold cavity.

[0388] Preferably, the CO2, and the material are maintained at a pressure of at least about 700 psi just prior to entering the ;gear pump at the extrusion end of the barrel. More preferably, the material and CO2 reach a pressure of at least about 900 psi. Most preferably. the CO2, and material are subjected to a pressure of at least about 1,700 psi.

[0389] At pressures of about 1,700 psi and greater, CO2 acts as a supercritical fluid. At such high pressure, the liquid CO2 solvates the block copolymer and principle polymer, which decreases the Tg of the mixture. Thus, as pressure is released upon extrusion of the mixture from the nozzle, the CO2 immediately becomes a gas and the mixture immediately crosses its Tg. In other words, as gas bubbles are forming in the material, the material begins to solidify. Thus, the number of gas bubbles retained in the material is increased. CO2 bubbles are believed to form around the SAFOAMO, which is believed to act as a nucleating agent.

[0390] The expansion rate of the CO2 bubbles and the solidification rate of the mixture are varied, depending upon the particular formulation of the material. Various other factors also affect how a material will foam, including the rate at which material is fed into the barrel (the “feed rate”), the length of time the material is in the barrel (the “residence time”), the speed at which the screw or screws rotate (the “screw rpm”), the relative direction each screw rotates and others.

[0391] In addition, properties of the material affect the foaming process. The amount of plasticizer affects a material's ability to foam. For example, when the plasticizer is an oil, materials which include increased amounts of plasticizer do not foam as readily as similar materials with less plasticizing oil. Applicant believes that as the amount of plasticizing oil in a material increases, gas bubbles tend to more readily escape from the material.

[0392] d. Lattice Structures

[0393] Lattice structures may be made using the example gel material, which is incorporated into the cushion configurations . Such lattice structures include multiple overlaid streams of the gel material in a lattice-like arrangement. Preferably, the streams of material have a thickness of less than about one-tenth of an inch.

[0394] Formation of the gel material into lattice structures decreases the specific gravity of the material due to the free space created within the lattice structure. Preferably, lattice structures reduce the specific gravity of the material by at least about 50%.

[0395] One method of foaming lattice structures includes heating the material to a molten state and spraying streams of the material to form a desired lattice structure. Preferably, a hot melt adhesive spray gun, such as the FP-200 Gun System manufactured by Nordson Corporation of Amherst, Ohio, is used to, spray streams of the example gel cushioning material to form a lattice structure.

[0396] e. Premixing of Microspheres

[0397] In formulations of the example material for use in the cushioning elements hereof which include microspheres, premixing the microspheres with the plasticizer prior to adding the plasticizer to the elastomeric block copolymer and the polyolefin may result in a more uniform mixture (i.e., a better final product) and makes the microsphere-containing gel material easier to process. For example, the materials may be premixed by hand.

[0398] f. Pre-manufacture of Pellets

[0399] In some embodiments, it will be example to prepare pelletized gelatinous elastomer material for later use in manufacturing cushioning devices or other devices. The pelletized gelatinous elastomer could be of any formulation described herein or otherwise, and could contain any desired additives. The pellets could be produced by first compounding the material and forming it into pellets for later use in an appropriate manufacturing process.

[0400] 5. Representative Elastomeric Gel Physical Properties and Formulations

[0401] When the example A-B-A triblock copolymer, plasticizer and additives are mixed, the resultant material is very strong, yet very elastic and easily stretched, having a Young's elasticity modulus of only up to about 1×106 dyne/cm2. The example elastomeric gel material for use in the cushioning elements hereof also has low tack and little or no oil bleed, both of which are believed to be related to the molecular weight of the uniquely example elastomers as well as the molecular structure of the elastomer and its interaction with the plasticizing component. Finally, the example elastomeric gel cushioning medium is capable of elongation up to about 2400% and more.

EXAMPLES

[0402] Examples 1 through 14 include various mixtures of SEPTON 4055 (available from Kuraray) ultra high molecular weight polystyrene-hydrogenated poly(isoprene+butadiene) polystyrene triblock copolymer extended in a plasticizing oil. In addition, the materials of Examples 1 through 14 include very minor amounts of IRGANOX® 1010 (about 0.03%), IRGAFOSV 168 (about 0.03%), and colorant (about 0.04%).

[0403] The material of each of Examples 1 through 14 was compounded in an ISF 120VL injection molding machine, manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co. of Tokyo, Japan, with a 20:1 (L/D) high mixing single screw manufactured by Atlantic Feed Screw, Inc. of Cayce, S.C. The temperature in the injection molding machine was increased stepwise from the point of insertion to the injection nozzle. At the point of insertion, the temperature was about 270° F. Temperatures along the screw were about 275° F. and about 280° F., with the temperature increasing as the material approached the injection nozzle. The temperature at the injection nozzle was about 290° F. This gradual increase in temperature builds up pressure during feeding of the material through the injection molding machine, providing a more homogeneous mixture of the components of the material.

[0404] Each of the formulations of Examples 1 through 11 were then injected into an aluminum plaque mold and allowed to cure at room temperature for about 24 hours to about 48 hours. Thereafter, various tests were performed on the materials, including percent elongation, tensile strength at break, and percent oil bleed.

[0405] Percent elongation and tensile strength testing were performed in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method D412, using a Model QC-II-30XS-B Electronic Tensile Tester manufactured by Thwing Albert Instrument Co. of Philadelphia, Pa. Each of samples were O-shaped rings with an outer diameter of about 0.500 inch, an inner diameter of about 0.375 inch, a gauge diameter of about 0.438 inch, and a mean circumference of about 1.374 inches. Five samples of each material were tested for elongation and tensile strength.

[0406] Percent oil bleed was measured by obtaining the combined weight of three disk-shaped samples of the material, each sample having diameter of about 3 cm and a thickness of about 6.5 nun. Two pieces of 12.5 cm diameter qualitative filter paper having a medium filter speed and an ash content of about 0.15%, such as that sold under the trade name DOUBLE RINGS 102, and manufactured by Xinhua Paper Mill, were then weighed individually.

[0407] The three sample disks were then placed on one of the pieces of filter paper (which has high capillary action), and the other piece of filter paper was placed on top of the samples. The material and paper were then placed in a plastic bag and pressure-sandwiched between two flat steel plates, each weighing within about 0.5% of about 2285 g. Next, the material samples, paper and steel plates were placed in a freezer at about −4° C. for about 4 hours.

[0408] Oil bleed testing was conducted at a low temperature because rubber molecules are known to constrict at low temperatures. Thus, in theory, when a plasticized material is subjected 95 to cooler temperatures, the attraction of plasticizer to Vander Waals binding sites on the rubber molecules decreases. Therefore, it has been theorized that plasticizer-extended materials tend to bleed more at lower temperatures. However, oil tends to flow more slowly at low temperatures, suggesting that this theory may not be accurate. Nevertheless, this theory has been widely accepted. The extreme condition of the pressure and the freezer was needed for quantitative evaluation since the example elastomeric gel materials have the advantage over prior art gel materials of not bleeding at all at room temperature without pressure, even when placed next to high capillary action paper. Although John Y. Chen did not report oil bleed in his patents or patent applications, Applicant's experience is that Chen's materials have a higher level of oil bleed than the example elastomeric gel cushioning medium.

[0409] Upon removal from the freezer, each piece of the filter paper and the samples were immediately weighed again. Percent oil bleed was then calculated by determining the combined weight increase of the filter papers, dividing that value by the original sample weight and multiplying the result by 100.

Example 1

[0410] The material of Example 1 includes eight parts LP 150 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 2375 2400 PSI at Failure 185 190

[0411] In comparison, the! material of Chen's patents that has an oil to elastomer ratio of 4:1, which should have higher strength than Applicant's 8:1 material of Example 1, instead exhibits much lower elongation and PSI at failure (i.e., tensile strength) values. The material of Example 1 elongates up to about 2,400%, which is 700% greater elongation than Chen's 4:1, which is capable of only 1700% elongation (See, e.g., '213 Patent, Table 1, col. 6, lines 18-38). Likewise, the tensile strength at break of Chen's 4:1 gel is only about 4×106 dyne/cm′, or 58 psi. Thus, the 8:1 material of Example 1 is at least three times as strong as Chen's 4:1. This is an unexpectedly good result since the conventional wisdom concerning gels is that more oil results in less strength. Applicant doubled the amount of oil used (8:1 compared to 4:1) but achieved more than three times the tensile strength of Chen's material.

Example 2

[0412] The material of Example 2 includes five parts LP 150 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 5:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 1975 2030 PSI at Failure 335 352

[0413] A comparison of the 5:1 material of Example 2 to the 4:1 material of Chen's patents shows that Chen's material exhibits much lower elongation and PSI at failure (i.e., tensile strength) values. The material of Example 2 elongates up to about 2,000%, which is about 300% more than Chen's 4:1, which is capable of only 1700% elongation (See, e.g., '213 Patent, Table I, col. 6, lines 18-38). Likewise, the tensile strength at break of Chen's 4:1 gel is only about 4×106 dyne/cm2, which translates to only about 58 psi. Thus, the 5:1 material of Example 2, despite the presence of about 25% more oil than Chen's 4:1 material, is about five-and-a-half times as strong as Chen's 4:1.

Example 3

[0414] The material of Example 3 includes three parts LP 150 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 3:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 1555 1620 PSI at Failure 404 492

[0415] A consideration of both Example 2, a material having a 5:1 oil to elastomer ratio, and Example 3, a material having a 3:1 oil to elastomer ratio, indicates that a material with a 4:1 oil to elastomer ratio would compare very favorably to the gel disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,334, which issued in the name of John Y. Chen. According to Table I in the '334 patent, Chen's 4:1 KRATON® G-1651-containing material had a breaking strength (i.e., tensile strength) value of 4×106 dyne/cm2, which translates to only about 58 psi.

[0416] The elongation at break value was mysteriously omitted from Table I of the '334 patent and other Chen patents. However, reference to Table I of Chen's first two issued patents (the '284 and '213 patents) sets the percent elongation of Chen's 4:1 material at about 1700. Applicant suspects that Chen omitted this data in later patent applications because it was either inaccurate or Chen's improved materials failed to exhibit improved properties over his earlier materials.

[0417] In comparison, the percent elongation of a 4:1 example elastomeric gel material for use in the cushions would be at least about 1800, exceeding the elongation of Chen's 4:1 material by about 100% or more. Similarly, the tensile strength of a 4:1 material example for use in the cushions hereof would be at least about 350 psi, and probably in the 370 to 375 psi range. Thus, a example elastomenc gel cushioning medium for use in the cushions with an oil to elastomer ratio of about 4:1 would be about six times a strong as Chen's most example 4:1 gel.

[0418] The following Examples 4 through 11 have been included to demonstrate the usefulness of various plasticizing oils in the example elastomeric gel material.

Example 4

[0419] The material of Example 4 included eight parts of a plasticizer mixture to one part SEPTON 4055. The eight parts plasticizer mixture included about 5.3 parts REGALREZ© 1018 and about 2.8 parts DUOPRIME(g) 90 mineral oil. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 2480 2520 PSI at Failure 187 195

Example 5

[0420] The material of Example 5 included eight parts of EDELEX® 27 oil to one part SEPTON 4055. EDELEX© 27 has an aromatic content of about 1%, which would be expected to slightly decrease the tensile strength of the material. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 2105 2150 PSI at Failure 144 154 Percent oil bleed 0.34

Example 6

[0421] The material of Example 6 included eight parts of DUOPRIMEO 55 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 1940 2055 PSI at Failure 280 298 Percent oil bleed 0.29

Example 7

[0422] The material of Example 7 included eight parts of DUOPRIME® 70 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 2000 2030 PSI at Failure 250 275 Percent oil bleed 0.41

Example 8

[0423] The material of Example 8 included eight parts of DUOPRIME® 90 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 2090 2125 PSI at Failure 306 311 Percent oil bleed 0.35

Example 9

[0424] The material of Example 9 included eight parts of DUOPRIME® 200 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 1970 2040 PSI at Failure 200 228 Percent oil bleed 0.20

Example 10

[0425] The material of Example 10 included eight parts of DUOPRIME® 350 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 2065 2080 PSI at Failure 267 270 Percent oil bleed 0.21

Example 11

[0426] The material of Example 11 included eight parts of DUOPRIME® 500 mineral oil to one part SEPTON 4055. 8:1 Average High Value Percent Elongation 1995 2075 PSI at Failure 194 223 Percent oil bleed 0.17

Example 12

[0427] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 227.0 Duoprime 500 oil Plasticizing oil 2,722.0 Irganox 1010 Antioxidant 4.5 Irgafos 168 Antioxidant 4.5 Safoam FP-40 Foaming agent 14.0 Lamp Black Colorant and Foam Bubble 1.5 Nucleating Agent

[0428] Applicant began foaming the example elastomeric gel material to reduce its specific gravity by heating it until the SAFOAM began to degenerate and create C02 gas. DUOPRIME 500 oil was selected for use in the example because of its high viscosity (i.e., it would help hold a bubble longer than a lower viscosity oil). The components were compounded in an injection molding machine according to one example melt blending method. The original mixture included 3.40 g SAFOAM. When half of the SAFOAM appeared to have been consumed, 3.40 g more was added. Another 7.20 g of SAFOAM was added when half of the SAFOAM again appeared to have been consumed. Temperatures along the injection molding screw ranged from about 280° F. at the point of insertion to about 240° F. at the nozzle. The material of Example 12 had closed cells of fairly consistent density.

Example 13

[0429] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 227.0 Duoprime 500 oil Plasticizing oil 2,722.0 Irganox 1010 Antioxidant 1.5 Irgafox 168 Antioxidant 1.5 Expancell DE-80 Microspheres 500.0 Orange Colorant 2.0

[0430] Applicant has also used microspheres to reduce the specific gravity of the example elastomeric gel cushioning medium. Acrylic microspheres were used in the material of Example 13. The components were premixed, then compounded in an injection molding machine screw. Temperatures along the injection molding screw ranged from about 260° F. at the point of insertion to about 220° F. at the nozzle. Surprisingly, the microspheres were not deformed by the high shear and high temperatures of the injection molding machine. The resulting material was very light, with microspheres consistently dispersed therethrough.

Example 14

[0431] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 114.0 Kraton G-1701 A-B copolymer 5.8 Regalrez 1018 Plasticizing resin 340.0 Edelex 45 Plasticizing oil 225.0 Talc Talc 20.4 Vestenamer 8012. Tor rubber 11.5 Expancell DU-80 Microspheres 0.5 Safoam FP-40 Foaming agent 10.0 Irganox 1010 Antioxidant 3.0 Irgafos 168 Antioxidant 3.0 Boiled Linseed Oil 8.0 Green Colorant 2.0

[0432] In the material of Example 14, Applicant used KRATON® G-1701, manufactured by Shell Chemical Co., to reduce oil bleed. R:EGALREZ® 1018 was used as a plasticizer and to reduce oil bleed from the material. Talc was included in the material of Example 14 to act as a nucleating agent during foaming of the material. Since talc migrates to the surface of the material, it is also useful as a surface detackifier. Talc may also be used as a filler in the material. VESTENAMER 8012, sold by Mils America Inc. of Piscataway, N.J., is a transpolyoctylene rubber (tor) which is useful for reducing oil bleed and reducing melt viscosity of the example elastomeric gel material. Boiled linseed oil is believed to reduce the melt viscosity and tackiness of the material and to accelerate the migration of particulate matter to the material's surface. Applicant used both microspheres and foaming agents in the material of Example 14. Although acrylic microspheres reduce the specific gravity of the example elastomeric gel material, they increase the stiffness of the material, though not as much as glass, ceramic, or other rigid microspheres would.

[0433] The closed cell foaming and the microsphere dispersion of the material of Example 14 were consistent. The material was soft and light-weight. The components were well compounded. In addition, the material of Example 14 did not have an oily feel and exhibited no plasticizer bleedout at room temperature.

[0434] Additives such as colorants, flame retardants, detackifiers and other additives may be included in the example elastomeric gel cushioning medium. Various formulations of the example elastomeric gel material may be tailored to achieve differing levels of softness, strength, tackiness and specific gravity as desired. Examples 1 through 11 illustrate the surprisingly high elongation and tensile strength of the material. Many embodiments of the example elastomeric material, of which the preceding examples are representative, exhibit physical properties vastly superior to those of John Y. Chen's material, which Applicant believes to be the closest and best prior art. A chemical explanation for the superior results is provided below.

[0435] Examples 15 through 35 are other formulations of the example elastomeric gel cushioning medium for use in the cushions. The formulations of Examples 15 through 35 were compounded using a ZE25 TIEBAR AIR COOLED TWIN SCREW EXTRUDER with a 35:1 L/D ratio according to a example melt blending method. Temperatures along the screws were in the range of about 130° C. to about 170° C. at the hopper to about 100° C. to about 130° C. at the nozzle.

Example 15

[0436] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 50.04 LP-150 Plasticizing oil 250.0 Irganox 1010 Antioxidant 1.5 Irgafos 168 Antioxidant 1.5

Example 16

[0437] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 83.25 LP-150 Plasticizing oil 250.00 Irganox 1010 Antioxidant 1.5 Irgafos 168 Antioxidant 1.5

Example 17

[0438] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 50.04 Kadol Plasticizing oil 250.00 E17 Antioxidant (vitamin E) 6.26

Example 18

[0439] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 250.00 Duoprime 90 Plasticizing oil 1,250.00 E17 Antioxidant (vitamin E) 6.30

Example 19

[0440] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 250.00 LP-150 A-B-A copolymer 1,250.00 E17 Antioxidant (vitamin E) 6.25

Exhibit 20

[0441] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 350.00 Regalrez 1018 Plasticizing resin 262.51 C23 to C27 Alkane Wax Plasticizer 35.00 LP-150 Plasticizing oil 287.60 E 17 Antioxidant (vitamin E) 14.00 Ethosperse 52.50 White Colorant 10.50 Yellow Colorant 0.70 Red Colorant 0.03

Example 21

[0442] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 11.89 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.24 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 73.87 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 8.33 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.59 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.42 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.42 IRGANOX ® E17 Antioxidant 0.42 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.19 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 1.44 Rocket Red Colorant 1.19

Example 22

[0443] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 14.86 KRATON9 G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.30 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 71.01 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 6.69 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.58 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.52 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.52 IRGANOX ® E17 Antioxidant 0.52 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.34 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 1.44 Rocket Red Colorant 2.23

Example 23

[0444] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 16.66 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.33 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 67.48 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 7.50 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.67 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.58 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.58 IRGANOX ® E17 Antioxidant 0.58 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.50 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 1.62 Rocket Red Colorant 2.50

Example 24

[0445] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 13.18 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.26 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 75.12 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 5.27 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.33 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.46 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.46 IRGANOX ® E 17 Antioxidant 0.46 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.19 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 1.62 Horizon Blue Colorant 1.65

Example 25

[0446] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 11.07 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.22 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 76.89 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 5.54 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.55 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.39 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.39 IRGANOX ® E 17 Antioxidant 0.39 Amyl Formate Clarity enhancer 0.55 (supplied by Aldrich) TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.66 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 0.97 Horizon Blue Colorant 1.38

Example 26

[0447] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 14.40 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.29 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 74.50 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 4.80 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.50 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.50 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.50 IRGANOX ® E17 Antioxidant 0.50 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.44 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 0.97 Signal Green Colorant 1.58

Example 27

[0448] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 13.37 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.27 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 74.88 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 5.35 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 3.34 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.47 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.47 IRGANOX ® E17 Antioxidant 0.47 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.34 Amyl Formate Clarity Enhancer 0.40 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 0.99 Signal Green Colorant 1.47

Example 28

[0449] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 8.14 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.16 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 80.76 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 6.51 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.49 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.28 IRGAFOS ®168 Antioxidant 0.28 IRGANOX ® E17 Antioxidant 0.28 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.22 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 0.97 Blaze Orange Colorant 0.90

Example 29

[0450] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 8.12 KPATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.16 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 80.60 Astor Slack Wax 2050 Plasticizer 6.50 Alkane Wax C 25-27 Plasticizer 0.49 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.28 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.28 IRGANOX ® E 17 Antioxidant 0.28 TETRAGLYME Anti-bleed, anti-tack additive 1.22 Amyl Formate Clarity Enhancer 0.20 PQ 6546 Acrylic Microspheres 0.97 Blaze Orange Colorant 0.90

Example 30

[0451] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 12.10 KRATON ® G 1701 Diblock copolymer 0.30 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 84.47 IRGANOXID 1010 Antioxidant 0.18 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.18 FC-10 fluorochemical alcohol Bleed-reducing additive 0.18 Strong Magenta Colorant 0.36 Horizon Blue Colorant 0.36 PQ 6545 Acrylic Microspheres 1.62

Example 31

[0452] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 19.69 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 78.78 IRGANOXt 1010 Antioxidant 0.20 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.20 DYNTAMAR ® FX 9613 Bleed-reducing additive 0.15 091DU80 Acrylic Microspheres 0.98

Example 32

[0453] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 19.60 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 78.39 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.19 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.20 DYNAMAR ® FX 9613 Bleed-reducing additive 0.15 091 DU80 Acrylic Microspheres 1.47

Example 33

[0454] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 28.38 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 70.92 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.28 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.28 ZONYL ® BA-N Bleed-reducing additive 0.14

Example 34

[0455] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 23.43 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 58.55 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.23 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.23 Carbowax Plasticizer, includes 17.56 polar molecules

Example 35

[0456] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total SEPTON ® 4055 Triblock copolymer 15.14 SEPTON ® 4033 Triblock copolymer 3.79 LP-150 mineral oil Plasticizer 80.45 IRGANOX ® 1010 Antioxidant 0.19 IRGAFOS ® 168 Antioxidant 0.19 ZONYL ® BA-N Bleed-reducing additive 0.15 Horizon Blue Colorant 0.09

[0457] The following examples have been prepared by Applicant.

Example 36

[0458] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 5.46 Kraton G1701 A-B copolymer 0.55 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.16 Ireafos 168 antioxidant 0.16 LP-150 plasticizing oil 32.77 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 54.62 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.55 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.73 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.73 PQ 6545 added to increase rebound rate 0.16 microspheres and decrease specific gravity Bright orange colorant 0.11 aluminum lake

[0459] SEPTON® 4055 imparts form and strength to the visco-elastic material. KRATON® G-1701 is used to facilitate a more homogeneous blend of the elastomer (A-B-A copolymer) and plasticizer components. REGALREZ® 1018, a room temperature liquid plasticizer, is the primary plasticizer used in the material. REGALITE®°R101 and REGALREZ® 1139 are also plasticizers and modify the tack of the visco-elastic material. KRISTALEX® 5140 is believed to impart strength to the styrene domains or centers of the A-B-A copolymer. It is also believed to have some plasticizing abilities when used in combination with A-B-A copolymers. IRGANOX® 1010 and IRGAFOS® 168 are antioxidants. The material of Example 36 was made as an early experiment. Consequently, LP-150, a plasticizing oil, was used in combination with the resin plasticizers.

[0460] The material of Example 36 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to one example method for compounding the example gel cushioning medium. The material was very tacky and readily deformable, had very quick rebound and was very soft. Applicant believes that the very quick rebound rate is caused by the presence of plasticizing oil and microspheres. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.40.

Example 37

[0461] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.42 Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.42 Kraton G1701 A-B copolymer 0.48 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.15 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 87.18 Kxistalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.48 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.42 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.42 PQ 6545 added to increase rebound rate 1.39 microspheres and decrease specific gravity Bright orange colorant 0.24 aluminum lake Dow Corning rubber additive 0.24 200 silicone

[0462] In the material of Example 37, SEPTON® 8006 was used in combination with SEPTON® 4055 to provide some form, but a softer visco-elastic material. Silicone was added to detackify the material. The material of 5xample 37 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example method for compounding the example gel material. The material was slightly tacky and readily deformable, had slow rebound and moderate stiffness. The use of silicone seems to have decreased the tackiness of the material. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.30.

Example 38

[0463] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.45 Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.45 Kraton G1701 A-B copolymer 0.49 Iroanox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.15 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 88.38 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.49 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.46 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.46 PQ 6545 added to increase rebound rate 0.28 microspheres and decrease specific gravity Bright orange colorant 0.25 aluminum lake

[0464] The material of Example 38 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example method for compounding the example gel material for use in the cushions. The material was very tacky and readily deformable, had a slow to moderate rebound rate and was extremely soft. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.65. 13 Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.45 Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.45 Kraton G 1701 A-B copolymer 0.49 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.15 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 88.06 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.49 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.45 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.45 PQ 6545 added to increase rebound rate 0.64 microspheres and decrease specific gravity Bright orange colorant 0.24 aluminum lake

[0465] The material of Example 39 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was very tacky and readily deformable, had moderate rebound and moderate softness. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.44.

Example 40

[0466] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.43 Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.43 Kraton G 1701 A.-B copolymer 0.49 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.15 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 87.51 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.49 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.43 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.43 PQ 6545 added to increase rebound rate 1.26 microspheres and decrease specific gravity Bright orange colorant 0.24 aluminum lake

[0467] The material of Example 40 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was tacky and readily deformable, had very quick rebound and moderate softness. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.28.

Example 41

[0468] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.44 Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.44 Kraton G1701 A-B copolymer 0.49 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.15 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 87.78 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.49 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.44 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.44 PQ 6545 microspheres added to increase rebound rate 0.95 and decrease specific gravity Colorant-bright orange 0.24 aluminum lake

[0469] The material of Example 41 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was very tacky and readily deformable, had slow rebound and little stiffness. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.37.

Example 42

[0470] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4033 A-B-A copolymer 0.29 Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 4.05 Kraton G1701 A-B copolymer 0.09 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.12 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.12 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 86.73 Kristalex 5140 plasticizing resin 0.87 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.02 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.02 Vistanex LM-MS plasticizing resin 2.89 PQ 6545 microspheres added to increase rebound rate 0.37 and decrease specific gravity Safoam FP-powder blowing agent 0.43

[0471] In the material of Example 42, SEPTON® 4033 was used as a lower molecular weight polymer to help trap foam bubbles. A greater weight percentage of SEPTON® 8006 was used to 114 provide a visco-elastomeric material which was softer than the materials of the preceding examples. VISTANEX® LM-MS was also added to determine whether its presence improved the material's ability to retain foam bubbles.

[0472] In preparing the material of Example 42, the solid resins were first crushed and premixed. The VISTANEX® LM-MS was heated for thirty minutes in an oven at about 150 to 200° C. The REGALREZ® and VISTANEX® were then mixed together with heat until the VISTANEX® appeared to be completely solvated.

[0473] The components of the material of Example 42 were then melt blended in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The -material was very tacky and readily deformable, had very slow rebound and was very soft. The use of VISTANEX® LM-MS appears to have decreased the rebound rate of the material. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.61.

Example 43

[0474] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4033 A-B-A copolymer 0.29 Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 4.05 Kraton G1701 A-B copolymer 0.09 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.12 Irgafox 168 antioxidant 0.12 Vistanex LM-MS Plasticizing resin 2.90 Regalrez 1018 Plasticizing resin 86.85 Kristalex 5140 Strengthening resin 0.87 Regalite R101 Plasticizing resin 2.03 Regalrez 1139 Plasticizing resin 2.03 PQ 6545 microspheres Added to increase rebound rate 0.67 and decrease specific gravity

[0475] In preparing the material of Example 43, the crystallized (not readily flowable at room temperature) resins were first crushed and premixed. The VISTANEX® LM-MS was heated for thirty minutes in oven at about 150 to 200° C. The REGALREZO and VISTANEX® were then mixed together with heat until the VISTANEX® appeared to be completely solvated. The components of the material of Example 43 were then melt blended in an injection molding machine according to a example method for compounding the example gel cushioning media. The material was very tacky and readily deformable, had extremely slow, incomplete rebound and was very soft. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.47.

Example 44

[0476] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4077 A-B-A copolymer 4.67 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.30 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.30 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 83.25 Vistanex LM-MS plasticizing resin 1.81 Kristale 5140 plasticizing resin 0.96 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 1.93 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 1.93 PQ 6545 microspheres added to increase rebound rate 0.60 and decrease specific gravity Glycerin detackifying agent 4.25

[0477] SEPTON® 4077 was included in the material of Example 44 to provide form and strength to the material, yet provide a softer material than that using SEPTONO 4055. The crystallized (not readily flowable at room temperature) resins of Example 44 were first crushed and premixed. The VISTANEX® LM-MS was heated for thirty minutes in oven at about 150 to 200° C. The REGALREZ® and VISTANEX® were then mixed together with heat until the VISTANEXV appeared to be completely solvated.

[0478] The remaining components were then quickly mixed and melt blended in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was very tacky (but less than a comparable material without the glycerin), readily deformable, had extremely slow, incomplete rebound and moderate softness. Use of SEPTON® 4077 appears to have resulted in a material which is softer than those which include SEPTON® 4055 as the only plasticizer, but stiffer than materials of the previous examples which have a combination of copolymers. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.40.

Example 45

[0479] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 1077 A-B-A copolymer 4.67 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.30 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.30 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 83.25 Vistane LM-MS plasticizing resin 1.81 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.96 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 1.93 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 1.93 PQ 6545 microspheres added to increase rebound rate 0.60 and decrease specific gravity Glycerin detackifying agent 4.25

[0480] Glycerine was added to detackify the material of Example 45. In preparing the material of Example 45, the crystallized (not readily flowable at room temperature) resins were first crushed and premixed. The VISTANEX® LM-MS was heated for thirty minutes in oven at about 150 to 200° C. The REGALREZ® and VISTANEX® were then mixed together with heat until the VISTANEX® appeared to be completely solvated.

[0481] The remaining components were then mixed thoroughly and melt blended in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was moderately tacky and readily deformable, had quick rebound and was soft. Glycerine appears to have reduced the tackiness of the material. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.42.

Example 46

[0482] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.47 Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.47 Kraton G 1701 A-B copolymer 0.49 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.15 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 88.85 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.49 Regalite 8101 plasticizing resin 2.47 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.47

[0483] The material of Example 46 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was extremely tacky and readily deformable, had slow rebound and was very soft. The specific gravity of the material was about 0.37.

Example 47

[0484] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.35 Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.35 Kraton G 1701 A-B copolymer 0.47 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.14 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.14 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 84.36 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.47 Regalite R101 plasticizing resin 2.34 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.34 PQ 6545 microspheres added to increase rebound rate 0.36 and decrease specific gravity Glycerin detackifying agent 4.69

[0485] The material of Example 47 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending; them in an injection molding machine according to a example method for compounding the example gel cushioning materials for use in the cushioning elements hereof. The material was very tacky and readily deformable, had slow rebound and little stiffness.

Example 48

[0486] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 2.39 Septon 8006 A-B-A copolymer 2.39 Kraton G 1701 A-B copolymer 0.48 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.14 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.14 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 80.21+ (see premix below) Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 0.48 Regalitc R101 plasticizing resin 2.39 Regalrez 1139 plasticizing resin 2.39 Premixed 9.00 microspheres PQ 6545 added to increase rebound 11.76% of microspheres rate and decrease specific premix (1.06) gravity Regalrez 1018 88.24% of premix (7.94)

[0487] The material of Example 48 was prepared by premixing the components blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was extremely tacky and readily deformable, had slow rebound and little stiffness. The specific gravity of the Example 48 material was about 0.63.

[0488] Pre-blending the microspheres with REGALREZ® 1018 was, in part, advantageous because it reduced the amount of microspheres that were dispersed into the air during agitation, making the microspheres easier to handle.

Example 49

[0489] A visco-elastic material was made which included four parts REGALREZ® 1018 and melt (plasticizing resin), four parts HERCULES® Ester Gum I OD (plasticizing resin) and one part SEPTON 4055 (A-B-A copolymer). The components were mixed, placed in an oven and heated to about 300° F. After all of the components became molten, they were mixed, poured onto a flat surface and cooled. The material had little tack, deformed under pressure, was very stiff but readily deformable with light sustained pressure, and had an extremely slow rate of rebound.

Example 50

[0490] Weight % Component Generic Class of Total Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 11.75 Ester Gum 10D visco-elasticity enhancer 35.25 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 29.38 Kristalex 5140 strengthening resin 1.18 Foral 85 strengthening resin 3.53 LP-150 oil plasticizing oil 14.10 Ethosperse LA-23 foaming facilitator 3.53 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.35 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.35 Aluminum Lake Colorant 0.59 (Rocket red)

[0491] The material of Example 50 was prepared by premixing the components and melt blending them in an injection molding machine according to a example compounding method. The material was moderately tacky and deformable under slight, prolonged compressive force, had extremely slow rebound and was very stiff. FORAL 85, manufactured by Hercules, is a glycerol ester of hydrogenated resin that is used primarily as a tackifier. In the example visco-elastic gel, FORAL 85 acts as a strengthening resin, and is believed to associate with and bind together the styrene domains. ETHOSPERSE LA-23, known generically in the art as Laureth-23, is used in the art as an emulsifier. Laureth-23 facilitates foaming in the gel materials example for use in the cushions. The other components of Example 50 have been explained above.

Example 51

[0492] Component Generic Class Amount (grams) Septon 4055 A-B-A copolymer 80.00 Septon 4 077 A-B-A copolymer 80.00 Kraton G-1701 A-B copolymer 16.00 Regalrez 1018 plasticizing resin 2688.00+  (see microsphere premix below) Irganox 1010 antioxidant  4.80 Irgafos 168 antioxidant  4.80 Premixed 402.30  microspheres PQ 6545 added to increase rebound 11.76% of premix microspheres rate and decrease specific (47.31 g) gravity Regalrez 1018 88.24% of premix (354.99 g)

[0493] The material of Example 51 was prepared by preheating the REGALREZ® 1018, mixing all of the components except the microspheres together, and melt blending the components in a heated vessel at 295° F. under about one to about four pounds pressure for about two hours, according to a compounding method . The mixture was then transferred to another vessel, which was heated to about 300° F., and the premixed microspheres and REGALREZ® 1018 were mixed in by hand. The material was very tacky and readily deformable, had moderately slow rebound and was very soft. The specific gravity of the material of Example 51 was about 0.51. Of the preceding sixteen examples (Examples 36-51), Applicant example the material of Example 51 because of its extreme softness and slow to moderate rebound rate. Applicant also liked the material of Example 50 because of its stiffness, but easy deformability under sustained pressure, and its extremely slow rate of reformation.

Example 52

[0494] A visco-elastic material which includes from about one to about 30 weight percent of a triblock copolymer and about 70 to about 99 weight percent of a plasticizer, said weight percentages being based upon the total weight of the visco-elastic material. The visco-elastic material may also include up to about 2.5 weight percent of a primary antioxidant and up to about 1.5 weight percent of a secondary antioxidant, said weight percentages based upon the weight of the triblock copolymer.

[0495] The following are additional examples of formulations that can be used to make gelatinous elastomers.

Example 53

[0496] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEEES copolymer 75 Mineral oil plasticizer 25

[0497] SEEES is used to designated styrene-ethyene-ethyene-ethyene-propylene-styrene.

Example 54

[0498] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEEES copolymer 80 Mineral oil plasticizer 20 22

Example 55

[0499] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEEES copolymer 83 Mineral oil plasticizer 17

Example 56

[0500] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEEES copolymer 77 Mineral oil plasticizer 23

Example 57

[0501] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEEES copolymer 75 Mineral oil plasticizer 25

Example 58

[0502] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEEES copolymer 67 Mineral oil plasticizer 33

Example 59

[0503] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEEES copolymer 60 Mineral oil plasticizer 40

Example 60

[0504] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEPS copolymer 90 Mineral oil plasticizer 10

[0505] SEPS is used to designate styrene(ethylene/propylene-)styrene which preferably will have a weight average molecular weight of about 300,000 or more.

Example 61

[0506] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEPS copolymer 80 Mineral oil plasticizer 20

Example 62

[0507] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEPS copolymer 70 Mineral oil plasticizer 30

Example 63

[0508] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEPS copolymer 67 Mineral oil plasticizer 33

Example 64

[0509] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEPS copolymer 60 Mineral oil plasticizer 40

Example 65

[0510] Component Generic Class Weight % of Total SEPS copolymer 50 Mineral oil plasticizer 50

Example 66

[0511] Component Generic Class parts by weight SEPS (4055) copolymer 80 Resin (Regalrez 1018) plasticizer 10 Irganox 1010 antioxidant  0.15 2 Irgaphos 168 antioxidant  0.15 3

Example 67

[0512] Component Generic Class parts by weight SEPS (4055) copolymer 10 Mineral oil plasticizer 20 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irgaphos 168 antioxidant 0.15

Example 69

[0513] Component Generic Class parts by weight SEPS (4055) copolymer 10 Mineral oil plasticizer 120 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irganox 168 antioxidant 0.15

[0514] Each of examples 67-69, while having many uses, are example for use in causing standard prior art open cell foam, such as polyurethane foam and latex foam rubber, to become a viscoelastic foam. This is done by coating the open cells of the foam with a stick substance such as that of the examples. The tacky substance should not be adhesive, however, or the foam will not return to its original shape after deformation. It is example that the tacky substance be a solid or a gel rather than a liquid to eliminate the need to contain the coated foam in a bladder. It is also example that the tacky substance be an elastomer so that it can flex and bend with the foam. Use of a resin as a plasticizer creates a delayed rebound viscoelastic foam. The tacky substance, such as that of examples 67-69, can be used to coat foam by any of a variety of methods. For example, solvating the gel in a liquid and soaking the foam will work. Or the gel may be heated to become a liquid and then forced into the foam. If a foam is coated with a low stiffness gel, then a viscoelastic foam with excellent elastic properties is the result. Alternatively, the foam may be cut into small pieces, the small pieces saturated with a gel, the excess gel removed from the gel, and the mass of gel-coated foam allowed to dry or cool so that the gel will solidify. The gel then creates a structure holding the pieces of foam together. Such a cushioning material tends to have excellent elasticity and strength.

Example 70

[0515] Component Generic Class parts by weight SEPS (4055) copolymer 1 Resin (Regalrez 1018) plasticizer 10 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.15 Irganox 168 antioxidant 0.15

Example 71

[0516] Component Generic Class parts by weight SEPS (4055) copolymer 1 Resin (Regalrez 1018) plasticizer 18 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.25

[0517] Outer coating of short rayon fibers to eliminate tackiness.

[0518] The above examples 70 and 71 provide a slow rebound viscoelastomer gel. Gel of the formula from Example 71 was formed into a rectangular shape of dimensions 2 cm×2 cm×7 cm. The rebound of the material was then tested. When the rectangular shape was stretched along its length (from 7 cm) to a length of 20 cm, the following was found: in one second, the gel rebounded to a length of 13 cm; in two seconds (total) it rebounded to a length of 10 cm; in four second; 3 (total) it rebounded to a length of 8 em; and in nine seconds (total) it rebounded to substantially its original shape. These slow rebound times cause the inventor to classify it as a slow rebound viscoelastomer. Similarly slow rebound was found on compression. When the rectangular shape was compressed along its length (originally 7 cm) to a length of 3 cm, and released, after one second it rebounded to a length of 5 cm; after two seconds (total) it rebounded to a length of 6 cm; after four seconds (total) it rebounded to a length of 6.5 cm, and after nine seconds (total) it returned to substantially its original shape. After five hundred alternate compression and elongation cycles, the rectangular shaped viscoelastomer of Example 71 had substantially the same dimensions and shape as before. All of these tests were run at 25 degrees 10 Clesius.

Example 72

[0519] Component Generic Class parts by weight SEPS (4055) copolymer 1.64 Resin (Regalrez 1018) plasticizer 17.5 Mineral oil (Whitco LP-200) plasticizer 10 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.073

[0520] Outer coating of pressed-on microspheres to eliminate tackiness.

[0521] A viscoelastomer made according to the formula of Example 72 was formed into a rectangular cube of dimensions 7 cm (width)×3 cm (height)×14 cm (length). Elongation and compression testing was then performed at 25 degrees Celsius and the following was found. After elongation of the rectangular cube along its length to a total length of 30 cm, after one second it rebounded to a length of 20 cm; after two seconds (total) it rebounded to a length of 18 cm; after four seconds (total) it rebounded to a length of 16 cm; and after nine seconds (total) it rebounded to 127 substantially its original dimensions and shape. On compression along its length to a reduced total length of 7 cm, rebound was found to be as follows: after one second, the cube rebounded to a length of 10 cm; after two seconds (total) it rebounded to a length of 11.5 cm; after four seconds (total) it rebounded to a length of 13 cm; after nine seconds (total) it rebounded to substantially its original dimensions and shape. After five hundred alternate elongation and compression tests as just described, the material returned to substantially its original size and shape.

[0522] The following are viscoelastomer formulations used to reduce oil bleed and tack that was very problematic in the prior art, including in the gels of John Y. Chen.

Example 73

[0523] Component Generic Class parts by weight SEPS (4055) copolymer 1 Resin (Regalrez 1018) plasticizer 18 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.25

[0524] Outer coating of short rayon or other fibers to eliminate tackiness.

[0525] It is notable that the example bleed reducing additives of these example embodiments include a plurality of polarizable sites thereon, including halogen atoms, nitrites and others. Polarizable means an atom's ability to respond to a changing electrical field. Molecules with polarizable atoms are more likely td be attracted to other molecules by dynamic van der Waals forces, thus reducing bleed. The bleed reducing additives allow there to be an increase in the amount of plasticizer used in the material without an increase in oil bleed. Preferably, the elastomer will include hydrocarbon chains with polarizable groups thereon, such as hydrogenated hydrocarbons, nitrites and others. The polarizable groups are believed to hold the plasticizer close to the copolymer to reduce bleed. This occurs by the polarizable group attracting a plasticizer at one end and an elastomer block at the other, thus maintaining association of plasticizer with elastomer. A plasticizer can be attached to an elastomer by use of a polarizable group. It is example that the additive will have a plurality of polarizable groups. The most example bleed reducing additives are halogenated hydrocarbon additives such as DYNAM AR PPA-791, DYNAMAR PPA-790, DYNAMAR FX-9613 and FLUOROADE FC10 Flourochemical alcohol from 3Company of St. Paul, Minn. Other additives can be used to reduce plasticizer exudation. For example, FLUORORAD FC-129, FC-135, FC-430, FC-722, FC-724, FC-740, FX-8, FX-13, FX-14 and FX-189 are halogenated hydrocarbons that will serve this purpose. Others which may be used include XONTLY FSN 100, FSO 100, PFBE 8857A, TM, BA-L, TBC and FTS from DuPont of Wilmington, Del. Witco Corp. of Houston, Tex. sells halogenated hydrocarbons under the names EMCOL 4500 and DOSS. Hartwick, Inc. of Akron, Ohio sells chlorinated polyethylene elastomer (CPE) and chlorinated paraffin wax. None of these chemicals is marketed as a bleed reducing additive, however. It is example that processing temperatures just below the boiling point of the bleed reducing additive be used, as long as that temperature will not cause elastomer degradation.

[0526] Materials of the formulas shown have been used to measure oil bleed. Percent oil bleed was measured by obtaining the combined weight of three disk shaped samples of the material, each sample having a diameter of about 3 cm and a thickness of about 6.5 mm. Two four inch square pieces of 20# bond paper were then weighed individually. The three sample disks were placed on the paper (which has high capillary or wicking action), and the other piece of paper was placed on top of the sample. The material and paper were then placed in a plastic bag and pressure sandwiched between two flat steel plates, each weighting 2285 g. Next, the material samples, paper and steel plates were heated to 110 degrees F. for 4 hours. Alternatively, two pieces of 12.5 cm diameter qualitative filter paper having a medium filter speed and an ash content of 0.15%, such as that sold under the trade name DOBLE RINGS 102 from Xinhua Paper Mill may be used in place of the two four inch square pieces of 20# bond paper. The following are example formulations.

Example 74

[0527] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4077) copolymer 11.2 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 87.4 FC-10 Fluorochemical alcohol bleed reducer 0.3 Saturn Yellow pigment 1.2

Example 75

[0528] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 12.3 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 86.1 Zonyl FSN-100 bleed reducer 0.4 Horizor blue pigment 1.2

Example 76

[0529] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 12.3 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 86.1 FC-10 Fluorochemical alcohol bleed reducer 0.4 Saturn Yellow pigment 1.2

Example 77

[0530] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4077) copolymer 17.9 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 81.6 FC-10 Fluorochemical alcohol bleed reducer 0.5 Neon red pigment 0.9

Example 78

[0531] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 12.3 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 86.1 Zonyl TA-N bleed reducer 0.4 Blaze Orange pigment 1.2

Example 79

[0532] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 14.1 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 84.7 FC-10 Fluorochemical alcohol bleed reducer 0.3 Magenta pigment 0.9

Example 80

[0533] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 13.4 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 80.2 Krator G 1701 processing additive 0.3 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.2 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.2 Dynamar PPA 791 bleed reducer 5.3 Magenta pigment 0.4

[0534] Examples 74-80 exhibited little or no oil bleed when tested by the above method. The material of Example 80 lost only 0.009 percent of its weight during bleed testing. A tackless formulation of the gelatinous elastomer may also me made according to the formula of Example 81 and variations thereof.

Example 81

[0535] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 24.567 Mineral oil (LP-200) plasticizer 73.701 Irganox 1076 antioxidant 0.246 Irgafos 168 antioxidant 0.246 KENEMIDE E ULTRA grape seed oil -detackifier 0.246 Horizon Blue pigment 0.995

[0536] Grape seed oil or other oils and materials may be used as a slip agent or detackifier to produce an elastomer with a non-tacky exterior.

Example 82

[0537] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 16.50 Mineral oil (LP-150) plasticizer 82.51 Irganox 17E antioxidant 0.41 Zonyl BE-H detackifier 0.17 Colorant color 0.41

[0538] Example 83 below is a example formulation for making cushioning elements that may be used in mattresses.

Example 83

[0539] Component Generic Class weight percent SEPS (4055) copolymer 10 Mineral oil (LP-200) plasticizer 22.5 Irganox 1010 antioxidant 0.03 Irgaphos 168 antioxidant 0.03 Aluminum lake pigment colorant 0.03 Zonyl BA-N fluorochemical alcohol bleed reducer 0.05

[0540] Alternative example embodiments of the gelatinous elastomer for mattressing include changing the mineral oil weight percent from 22.5 to between 15 and 70, 15 weight percent being a firmer formulation and 70 being a softer formulation. The most example gel will have a durometer of less than about 25 on the Shore A scale.

[0541] Although the gel formulations referred to above are most example, there are numerous other example gels. For example, although they exhibit less desirable characteristics than the example gel cushioning media, the gel formulations of the following U.S. Patent Nos. are also useful in the cushions U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,646, issued in the name of John Y. Chen; U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,'84, issued in the name of John Y. Chen; U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,468, issued in the name of John Y. Chen; U.S. Pat. No. 4,618,213, issued in the mane of John Y. Chen; U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,708, issued in the name of John Y. Chen, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other oil-extended polystyrene poly(ethylene/butylene)-polystyrene gels can be used advantageously for the cushions hereof. For example, the GLS Corporation of Cary, Illinois offers a gel in injection moldable pellet norm under the designation G-6703 which is made with the ingredients of the gels mentioned above but with less plasticizing oil, and has a Shore A hardness of 3. Other example gels which may be used include PVC plastisol gels, silicone gels, and polyurethane gels.

[0542] PVC plastisol gels are well known in the art, and are exemplified by artificial worms and are also cheaper to make than thicker walled lower durometer cushions. And if the gel is used as a shoe insert, then the example gels just described will be superior because the gel will not tend to flow out from under the foot being cushioned (or other object being cushioned) as it would grubs used in fishing. A description of a typical PVC plastisol gel is given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,249 issued in the name of Weber et al. on Jul. 19, 1994, which is hereby incorporated by reference. PVC plastisol gels are not the most example because their strength is not as high for a given gel rigidity as the example gel media or even the gels of the Chen patents, but they are acceptable for use.

[0543] Silicone gels are also well known in the art, and are available from many sources including GE Silicones and Dow Corning. From a performance standpoint, silicone gels are excellent for use herein. However, the cost of silicone gels is many times higher than that of the most example gels.

[0544] Also in the most example gels, the ratio of plasticizer such as oil to triblock copolymer is 3:1 or less (such as 2.5:1; 2.0:1; 1.5:1; and 1.0:1.0). At these ratios, the gel is not stirable during the melting process and is not castable when melted. Thus this gel is not suitable for typical prior art manufacturing such as that proposed in the John Y. Chen patents. However, the inventor has found that these low ratios of plasticizer to copolymer have very high strength, superior shape retention, lower tack, and lower bleed-out properties than the prior art. They also have a higher durometer than the prior art. Cushioning devices, such as hollow column gel cushions, can be made much lighter if the walls are thin and of a high durometer. Such cushions with prior art gels such as those of John Y. Chen. Finally, gels of these formulations exhibit much better processability through screws, such as the compounding screws of extruders and injection molding machines. The prior art Chen gels do not feed through screws well because they are too slippery in the pre-mix state and are not driven well by screws because their viscosity is too low. The gels have a higher viscosity and perform much better when pushed by a screw such as in an injection molding machine or in an extruder.

[0545] Polyurethane gels are also well known in the art, and are available from a number of companies including Bayer Aktiengesellschaft in Europe. For reference, the reader is directed to U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,834 issued in the name of Schapel et al. on Nov. 8, 1994, which is hereby incorporated by reference, for more information concerning polyurethane gels. Like silicone gels, polyurethane gels are excellent from a performance standpoint, but are many times more expensive than the most example gels.

[0546] Foam rubber and polyurethane foams may also be useful as cushioning media in the cushioning elements, so long as they exhibit gel-like buckling behavior. Preferably, in order to exhibit desired buckling and elastomeric or visco-elastomeric gel-like behavior, column walls formed from polyurethane foams and foam rubbers are very thin. Alternatively, thicker column walls formed from polyurethane foams and foam rubbers may also exhibit the desired buckling and gel-like characteristics with appropriate column shapes and column pattern configurations. Foam rubbers and polyurethane foams are useful in the cushioning element if columns occupy about one-half or more of the cushion volume. Cushion volume is defined by the top and bottom surfaces and the perimeter of the cushion.

[0547] C. Method for Making the Cushions

[0548] There are several ways in which the cushion can be manufactured.

[0549] 1. Injection Molding

[0550] The cushions can be injection molded by standard injection molding techniques. For example, a cavity mold is created with cores inside the cavity. The gel ingredients are heated while stirring, which turns the gel into a liquid. The liquid is injected into the cavity and flows around the cores. The material is allowed to cool, which causes it to solidify. When the mold is parted, the cores pull out of the solidified gel and leave the hollow columns. The cushion is removed from the cavity, the mold is closed, and liquid is injected to form the next cushion, this process being repeated to manufacture the desired quantity of cushioning elements. This results in very inexpensive cushioning elements because the example gel is inexpensive and the manufacturing process is quick and requires very little labor.

[0551] Referring to FIG. 4, an example mold in use is depicted. The mold assembly 401 has a first mold half 401 and a second mold half 404. The second mold half 404 has a cavity 408 and a base plate 405 at the bottom of the cavity 408. It also has side walls 414 and 415. The first mold half 402 has a core mounting plate 409 and a plurality of cores 403 mounted on it in any desired spacing, and arrangement. The cores 403 may be of any desired shape, such as triangular, square, pentagonal, n-sided (where n is any integer), round, oval or of any other configuration in cross section in order to yield a molded cushioning element 406 of the desired configuration. The cores 4,03 could also be tapered from a more narrow dimension (reference numeral 410) at their end distal from the core mounting plate 409 to a wider dimension (reference numeral 411) at their end proximal the core mounting plate. This would create a tapered column or tapered column walls so that the radial measurement of a column orthogonal to its longitudinal axis would be different at two selected different points on the longitudinal axis.

[0552] Alternatively, the cores 403 could be tapered from 410 to 411, stepped from 410 to 411 or configured otherwise to create a column of desired shape. Use of the hexagonal cores 403 depicted yields a cushioning element 406 with cushioning media 412 molded so that the column walls 413 form the hollow columns 407 in a hexagonal configuration.

[0553] When the first mold half 402 and second mold half 404 are brought together, core distal ends 410 abut the second mold half base plate 405. This prevents liquid cushioning media from flowing between the base plate 405 and the core distal ends 410 in order to achieve a cushioning element 406 which has hollow columns through which air can circulate. If the core distal ends 410 did not reach all the way to the base plate 408, then the columns 407 would be open at one end and closed at the other.

[0554]FIG. 5 depicts an alternative mold configuration. The mold assembly 501 includes first mold half 502 that includes a first core mounting plate 509 onto which a plurality of cores 503 are mounted in a desired configuration. The cores 503 each have a core proximal end proximal to the core mounting plate 509 and a core distal end 511 distal to the core mounting plate 509. The mold assembly 501 also includes a mold second half 504 which has a core mounting plate 505, side walls 512, and cores 508 each having a core proximal end 513 proximal to the core mounting plate 505 and a core distal end 514 distal to the core mounting plate. The second core half 504 also has a cavity 514 in which its cores 508 are found. The mold assembly 501 may be designed so that when the two mold halves are brought together the core distal ends abut the surface of their opposing core mounting plates. This produces a cushioning element 506 with hollow columns 507 that are open from one end to the other in order to maximize air circulation through the columns 507 and yieldability of the cushioning element 506. Alternatively, the mold assembly 501 may be designed so that the core distal ends do not contact the core mounting plates. This will result in a cushion having a cross sectional appearance like that depicted in FIG. 6, where the columns are shorter in length than the thickness of the cushioning element, so the columns are closed at one end.

[0555] In the prior art, such the John Y. Chen gel patents and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,882, the example method for manufacturing gel articles was casting, and the example method for making the gel was melt blending. These prior art manufacturing methods are slow, expensive, messy and inefficient.

[0556] The applicant has learned how to manufacture gel articles using gels of the example formulations and other formulations by filling a hollow cavity in a mold with the gel. A mold with a hollow cavity of appropriate shape for the article to be made is first obtained. Then a quantity of gelatinous elastomer or viscoelastomer is obtained, or the ingredients for making it are obtained. Then the gelatinous elastomer or viscoelastomer or the ingredients are fed into a compounding screw (such as a single screw or a twin screw) of an appropriate machine such as an injection molding machine or an extruder. Then the screw moves the gel along its length under temperature and pressure. Then the screw moves the gel into a cavity of a mold in order to fill the cavity of the mold and create a molded gel article. With this manufacturing method, the materials of the gel are exposed to heat for a much shorter time than prior art manufacturing methods, resulting in less elastomer degradation. The materials of the gel are also exposed to heat for a shorter period of time. And because the gel can be forced into the mold under pressure rather than relying on gravity flow for casting, articles of a wide variety of shapes can be made and articles can be made with the use of little plasticizer, resulting in much stronger gels. Alternatively, instead of injecting the gel material into the mold, it can be allowed to flow into the mold under its own weight.

[0557] 2. Extrusion

[0558] The cushioning elements may also be manufactured by typical extrusion processes. If extrusion is used, hot liquid gel is forced through an extrusion die. The die has metal rods situated to obstruct the path of the gel in some locations so that the gel is forced through the die in a pattern resembling the desired shape of the finished cushioning element. Thus the die, having an aperture, an aperture periphery, and forming rods within the aperture has an appearance similar to that of the desired cushioning element except that the portions of the die that are solid will be represented by empty air in the finished cushion, and the portions of the die in the aperture that are unobstructed will represent gel in the finished cushioning element. Thus the rods of the die should be of the shape and size that the desired cushioning element is intended to be; the spacing of the rods should approximate the spacing of the columns that is desired in the finished cushioning element; and the shape and size of the aperture periphery should approximate the shape and size of the periphery of the desired cushioning element.

[0559] When gel is forced through the die, the liquid gel is cooled during its traverse through the die, causing it to solidify as it leaves the die. The gel is then cut at desired length intervals to form cushioning elements. Of course, cushioning elements so formed have hollow columns throughout their length, although the ends of the columns could be sealed as mentioned elsewhere herein. It is not expected, however, that extrusion is a practical method for manufacturing cushions with columns that vary in dimension along their length. The extruded cushioning element is very inexpensive because the both the cushioning media (i.e. the example gel) is inexpensive and the manufacturing process is highly automated so that labor requirements are very low.

[0560] Alternatively, a single tube may be extruded, then cut to a length that will form the appropriate cushion thickness. The tubes are then bonded together to form a cushioning element . Referring to FIG. 41, a example embodiment of a cushion 4101 which is made from. bonded tubes 4102 a, 4102 b, 4102 c, etc. is shown. Each tube includes a hollow column 4103 formed by a column wall 4104. Preferably, column wall 4104 is made from a gel cushioning medium 4105, such as the example elastomeric or visco-elastomeric materials for use in the cushions .

[0561]FIG. 42 illustrates an example of a example method for bonding two tubes 4102 a and 4102 b together. Heating cores 4201 and 4203, which preferably include a heating edge 4202 and 4204, respectively, are positioned in tubes 4102 a and 4102 b within corners 4110 a and 4110 b, respectively, such that edges 4202 and 4204 abut the inner surface of the corners. Preferably, cores 4201 and 4203 hold the outer surface of corners 4110 a and 4110 b against one another.

[0562] Preferably, securing cores 4205 and 4206 are positioned in each of the two inner corners formed by tubes 4102 a and 4102 b to secure corners 4110 a and 4110 b from sliding side-to-side in relation to one another. Preferably, heating edges 4202 and 4204 are heated to a temperature sufficient to melt cushioning medium 4105, but not to a temperature which would burn the material. As heating edges 4202 and 4204 are heated to a desirable temperature, the cushioning medium located in comers 4110 a and 4110 b melts. Preferably, heating edges 4202 and 4204 remain heated until all of the material located at corners 4110 a and 4110 b becomes molten and fuses tubes 4102 a and 4102 b together. Heating edges 4202 and 4204 and comers 4110 a and 4110 b are then cooled. Preferably, heating edges 4202 and 4204 are each covered with a non stick surface 4207 and 4208, respectively. Similarly, securing cores 4205 and 4206 also have non-stick surfaces 4211 and 4212. The non-stick surfaces prevent the securing cores 4205 and 4206 and heating edges 4202 and 4204 of heating cores 4201 and 4203 from sticking to the cushioning medium located at corners 4110 a and 4110 b as the medium becomes molten. A example non-stick surface is Teflon paper. Cores 4201, 4203, 4205 and 4206 are then removed from tubes 4102 a and 4102 b.

[0563] In the example extrusion method, the elastomer gel is pre-compounded at a temperature of about 470 degrees Fahrenheit. Then the gel is run through an extrusion die at a example temperature of about 425 degrees Fahrenheit. The pressure in the extrusion die may be from 200 to 4001) pounds per square; inch, depending on the gel being extruded and the die dimensions and characteristics. The formulation of the gel will affect desired temperature. The part may be extruded from a die into water to aid in cooling and solidifying the gel. The gel may be extruded upwards through a die and into water of necessary to maintain the shape of the extruded part.

[0564] The same advantages and techniques for using a screw to compound or simply melt gel material and force it into a mold from an injection molding machine can be applied to an extruder, using the extruder screw to compound the gelatinous material and force it through a die. Thus larger, more complex and stronger parts can be made when the extrusion method is used than if prior art casting is used.

[0565] 3. Casting

[0566] Another manufacturing process by which the cushioning element can be made is by generally known casting technology. In order to cast the cushioning element, hot liquid gel (or other cushioning media) is poured into an open cavity, and an assembly of metal rods is pushed into the liquid. The rods will form the columns of the finished product. The liquid flows between the metal rods, cools and solidifies. The metal rods are then removed, leaving; the hollow portions of the columns, and the cushion is removed from the cavity. A vibrator may be used to vibrate the cavity to facilitate the flow of the liquid between the rods if needed.

[0567] With reference to FIG. 42, in an alternative casting process, about half of the column forming rods have a plurality of protrusions extending therefrom. Preferably, each of the rods which are adjacent to a rod which has protrusions extending therefrom do not include protrusions therefrom. The example protrusions extend toward each of the adjacent rods and substantially across the distance between the adjacent rods. As cushioning medium is cast using this process, the rods with protrusions preferably create fenestrations in the column wall which surrounds the column created thereby, each of the fenestrations preferably passing substantially through the column wall to an adjacent column. FIG. 42 shows one example configuration of fenestrations 4200, having a circular shape. Other shapes such as diamonds, squares, triangles, or others are also useful as fenestrations. After the cushioning medium has solidified, the rods which lack protrusions are preferably removed from the cushioning element first. The rods with protrusions are then removed from the cushioning medium, which, due to its softness and elastomeric or visco-elastomeric properties, gives easily without tearing or breaking as the rods are removed.

[0568] Casting is a more labor intensive manufacturing method than injection molding or extrusion, but the tooling is generally less expensive, especially for large cushions. This is the example method of making very large cushions, such as king-size bed mattresses, since the size of such cushions is greater than that which can be manufactured using injection molding or extrusion methods.

[0569] 4. Two Step Manufacturing Process

[0570] In many instances it is advantage to prepare the gelatinous material in advance and manufacture a product from it at a later date. The inventor has implemented a process for doing this that has very beneficial qualities for the manufacture of gel products.

[0571] The first step is to manufacture the gelatinous elastomer. This is done by gathering appropriate ingredients, as described in detail above, and appropriate equipment for compounding the elastomer. While melt blending and solvent blending are possible, it is much example to use either a single screw or a twin screw compounder such as those found on extruders and injection molding machines. The ingredients for the gel are fed into the screw at one end, and as the screw moves the ingredients along its length under pressure and temperature, compounding of the ingredients takes place (such as association of the plasticizer with the elastomer molecules and association of the bleed reducing additive with both the plasticizer and the elastomer molecules). As the compounded gel exits the screw, it may then be cut or chopped into small pieces or pellets.

[0572] The pellets can be stored (such as in bags or barrels), transported and later used. In the later use, the second step is performed. I it, the pellets are melted in order to injection mold, extrude, cast or spray a final product with the gel. It is example that the pellets will be melted again under pressure in a screw such as that found on an injection molding machine or extruder.

[0573] There are distinct advantages to this two step process. First, in the first process step the lower molecular weight fractions (volatiles) of the plasticizer (such as mineral oil) are boiled off. Thus, in the second step there is no boiling of the plasticizer and voids in the manufactured part are reduced. Quality of the finished product and strength of the finished product are thus greatly enhanced.

[0574] Another advantage is that some screws have difficulty grabbing and transporting the ingredients of the gel because they are slippery and coated with oil, but the screw can easily grab and push the preformed pellets. Thus, the use of pre-formed pellets allows the use of a much shorter screw and shorter processing times and shorter exposure to high temperatures. Although the example method for this embodiment includes running the gel through the screw twice, any compounding method may be used twice on the same gel in order to achieve good results. It desirable, the pellets can be extruded underwater or fall into water for instant cooling, or spread out on a stationary or moving surface for air cooling.

[0575] D. Other Cushioning Devices

[0576] 1. Cushions Comprising End-Supported Free-Standing Buckling Elastic Members, and Methods for Manufacturing the Same

[0577] As used herein, cushions are defined as pads of any shape which equalize or redistribute pressure over the surface of an item which bears on the pad, which soften the surface on which the load from the item bears, which absorb or attenuate vibration and/or shock to protect the item, and/or which provide: a resilient action to separate the item from the movements of its surroundings. More specifically, this embodiment is for a cushion which achieves these cushioning features through the buckling action of end-supported free-standing buckling elastic members, and does so in a manner which provides advantages over prior art cushions.

[0578] The inventor intends to obtain the advantages of buckling column performance with foam, which is lightweight and inexpensive and bonds readily to other materials. Unfortunately, sculpted foam compresses an a single unit rather than buckling under point load. The embodiment described below achieves advantages of gelatinous buckling columns but with light weight and low cost.

[0579] This embodiment is a cushion comprising one or more free-standing buckling members which are supported at or near the ends. These buckling members are configured to sustain a given level of compression loading from the cushioned item resulting in compression deformation without buckling, and then if that given level of compression loading is exceed, to buckle and undergo further deformation with less than a linearly proportional increase in loading. A rail is supported at the ends in that it is tied into an overall supporting structure at each end of the buckling portion of the member. The rail is allowed to continue beyond the buckling portion. Free-standing indicates that a buckling portion of the member is not integrally connected to another member or to another support structure other than at or near the ends, thus allowing free buckling. One or more portions of the member can be connected non-freestanding, so long as at least one buckling portion is free standing. The buckling members can be solid or hollow.

[0580] The degrees of buckling freedom of the buckling members of the cushion can be one or more. For example, a round column can buckle in any lateral direction, so it has unlimited degrees of freedom. As a second example, a column of square cross-sectional shape buckles more easily in two orthogonal directions than in other directions, so it effectively has two degrees of freedom. As a third example, a rail which is 1 inch thick, 5 inches tall, and 30 inches long and attached to a support at each end of the 30-inch length is most likely to buckle in a direction transverse to the length; thus it effectively has one degree of freedom. This embodiment is not limited to any particular member shape or configuration so long as it meets the criteria set forth above.

[0581] Neither is this embodiment limited to the specific material of construction. Any material which is elastic or visco-elastic in nature, meaning that when load is removed it will quickly or at least eventually spring back to about the original shape and size, and which is durable enough to meet the operating conditions of the cushion, will work.

[0582] Steel meets this criteria, and is particularly useful in the form of coil springs. Compressible coil springs can form the buckling members. The spring should be sized (wire diameter, wrap diameter, wrap density, etc.) so that it's overall length-to diameter ratio results in instability when loaded at less than or equal to the maximum desired localized cushioning load, and so that the compression of the spring in the pre-buckle loading is acceptable for the given cushioning requirement. For example, in a mattress or any other cushion for the human body, it is desirable that the cushion be able to support a pressure load of at least 20 mm of Hg, but never over 32 mm of Hg (the capillary shut-off pressure in at-risk individuals). The spring should then be designed so that when 20 mm of Hg is applied over the area of the cushion supported by that spring, the spring compresses without buckling, but when 25 mm of Hg are applied over the same area, the spring buckles. The ends of the free-standing coil springs can be supported by being inter-laced in a network of criss-crossing lateral springs, much as is done in spring units of prior art mattresses. The difference between the springs of my cushion and the prior-art mattress spring units is that prior art springs are designed to be stable against buckling and only compress when loaded, whereas the springs are unstable and will buckle if overloaded.

[0583] Elastomers such as rubbers, oil gels, silicones, polyurethanes, plastisols and the like will also work. Unlike the gel hollow-column shared-wall cushions described above, however, the buckling members hereof must be free standing.

[0584] Flexible open-cell polyethylene-based polyurethane foams, such as is widely and commonly used in the furniture and mattress industry, work well . One of the characteristics is that a foam cushion with buckling members is considerably softer overall than a cushion of the same dimension made of ‘solid’ foam. Thus, a much stiffer, denser foam can be used with the same overall cushion durometer, and since denser foams are much stronger and more durable than lighter foams, the overall durability of the cushion can be greater than the ‘solid’ foam cushion being replaced with the cushion. A unique process for fabricating foam cushions with buckling members which has low labor requirements and minimal waste, thus keeping cost to a minimum is disclosed. This process, along with the embodiment in two types of foam cushions, are illustrated by the following examples. These examples are by way of illustration, and should not be construed as limiting.

[0585] The first example is as follows. A bun (such as 30″ high, 80″ long, 60″ wide) of high resiliency polyether-based polyurethane flexible foam is purchased from a foam manufacturer, with an ILD of 50 and a density of 2.8 pounds per cubic foot (considered very durable). A solid foam mattress with an ILD of 50 would be much too firm for the typical consumer. However, the cushion of this example is much softer than a ‘solid’ slab of 50 ILD foam. FIG. 43 shows a cutting pattern 4301. Each dashed line 4302 shows a cut all the way through the width of the bun (i.e., into the paper). These cuts are made by a CNC reciprocal saw such as is made by Baumer USA and is well known in the art. The bun is then turned 90 degrees and cut in a similar fashion as shown in FIG. 44 using its cutting pattern 4401. When the bun is disassembled as shown in FIG. 45, and the thin disconnected sections are removed, the resulting foam pieces 4501, 4502, 4503, 4504, 4505 and 4506 are bonded together with any of several common foam adhesives to result in the mattress core 4601 of FIG. 46. FIG. 47 depicts foam side support pieces 4701 having been inserted into receptacles 4702 in all four sides of the foam unit 4703. A cover can then be applied by methods well known in the art. The mattress core has one-piece foam skins which are integral with and which support the many square cross section free standing columns of square cross section within the core.

[0586]FIG. 48 shows half of the mattress core 4801 before bonding to the other half, illustrating the individual square half-columns. The half-columns become full columns when the piece is bonded to a like piece of opposite orientation. This mattress cushion is capable of high local deformations due to the buckling of the square columns within the cushion. A person lying on his side on this mattress has the feeling that there is no significant pressure on his hips or shoulders, but that his torso is receiving sufficient pressure that sagging of the back does not occur.

[0587] The second example is as follows. A bun (such as 30″ high, 80″ long, 60″ wide) of high resiliency polyether-based polyurethane flexible foam is purchased from a foam manufacturer, with an ILD of 50 and a density of 2.8 pounds per cubic foot (considered very durable). FIG. 51 shows a example cutting pattern 5101. Each dashed line shows a cut all the way through the width (into the paper). These cuts are made by a CNC reciprocal saw such as is made by Baumer USA and is well known in the art. This is a simpler pattern, and quicker to cut, than the illustration of the previous example. As a further contrast to the previous example, this bun is cut from only one direction rather than turned 90 degrees and cut a second time. When the bun is disassembled as shown in FIG. 52, very little is discarded. The resulting foam pieces 5201 5212 are bonded together as shown in FIGS. 52 and 53 with rails 5201 and 5202 being bonded with any of several common foam adhesives to result in the mattress core of the previous example. A cover is then applied. The mattress core has one-piece foam skins which are integral with and which support the foam free-standing rectangular rail within the core. These are the type of rails described above as effectively having one degree of freedom. While this may reduce the overall effectiveness of the cushion compared to buckling members with multiple degrees of freedom, it is still effective and results in a less expensive mattress to produce because cutting time is reduced and waste is minimized.

[0588] This mattress cushion is capable of high local deformations due to the buckling of the rectangular rails within the cushion. A person lying on his side on this mattress has the feeling that there is no significant pressure on his hips or shoulders, but that his torso is receiving sufficient pressure that sagging of the back does not occur. FIG. 54 shows how the rail members 5402 buckle 5401 under the more protruding parts of the body 5401.

[0589] Buckling members, because they do not support load effectively, also do not transmit vibration, shock, or movement effectively. Thus the cushions are effective in cushions which have such requirements. Further, the cushions are softer than cushions made from the same types of materials without buckling columns. In part, this is because material is missing around my free-standing buckling members. But more significantly, the cushions are able to locally deform without dragging down the surrounding material to the extent that ‘solid’ cushions do.

[0590] The cushions hereof, as illustrated but not limited to the examples above, create a cushion different from and superior to the prior art in several ways. The cushions are very effective at pressure redistribution and equalization because the buckling member are incapable of taking more than their area share of the load, and surrounding members pick up the load that is ‘refused’ by the buckled members. The cushions are effective at absorption/attenuation of vibration, shock, and movement because buckled columns do not transmit these as well as ‘solid’ material or structurally sound members. The cushions are very soft because they allow local deformation with less dragging down of the surrounding material. Unlike elastomeric compression cushions, my cushions do push back in linear proportion to the deformation of the cushion; thus pressure hot-spots are minimized, and support is even (e.g., back doesn't sag on a mattress). Unlike bladderized flowable-medium cushions, the cushions cannot leak, are very light weight, are low cost, have less tendency to crush down over time (because higher density foams are usable), and has no hammocking and therefore none of the associated problems. Unlike cushions comprising hollow gel columns with shared walls, these cushions are very light weight, less expensive to produce, and bond well to other cushion components (e.g., a mattress cover or furniture cushion cover).

[0591] 2. Methods and Apparatuses for Providing Border Stiffness Around a Cushion

[0592] This embodiment is in the area of methods of cushion borders. More specifically, this embodiment includes methods and apparatuses for advantageously and economically stiffening the edges of hollow-columned low-durometer elastomer cushions (such as described above) while providing lateral tension on the elastomer structure.

[0593] Gelatinous hollow-columned low-durometer elastomer cushions such as those described above make very effective cushions by equalizing pressure across an uneven person or object. Unfortunately, these cushions are not very laterally stable especially when made with thin walled hollow columns. They are more stable when the column walls are at least one third of the column width, but the weight and cost are much too high for most practical applications. When a more practical thin-wall hollow column configuration is used, the cushion easily collapses sideways. A need thus exists for a border which will keep the hollow column from collapsing laterally. Practical experiments with hollow column have also shown that if a small degree of lateral bi-axial tension is applied to the hollow column (in other words, it is kept a bit stretched out so it is tight), it is more effective in providing good support and pressure equalization.

[0594] Another problem with thin-wall hollow column cushions, particularly in mattress applications, is that when the columns collapse, only a small portion of the original height remains. Sitting on the edge of a mattress thus leaves the sitter feeling unsupported and perhaps unstable. A need exists for a border for hollow column cushions including but not limited to mattresses which will be more substantial for needs including but not limited to sitting.

[0595] This discussion will focus on mattresses as typical, but this applies to all hollow-column cushions. The mattress industry has developed many borders. For example, a classic waterbed has wooden sides. A “foundation” waterbed, which appears more like a traditional mattress, has a very stiff flexible open-cell polyurethane border several inches wide around the entire perimeter of the water bladder area, inside the cover. It must be stiff—unacceptably stiff—because it is not attached mechanically to the inner water bladder(s), and even if it was they would provide little support. Spring mattresses are made of coil springs joined at their tops by smaller diameter lateral coil springs, and do not provide sufficient edge support by themselves. Manufacturers of spring mattresses thus use well known border systems which included edge wires and edge clips and other known devices to stiffen and strengthen the edges of the mattress. Manufacturers of latex foam rubber mattresses often put a border of polyurethane foam around the perimeter of the latex core before applying the cover, in a manner known as a “racetrack”. The foam is stiffer than the floppy latex, but not so stiff as to be uncomfortable as with the foundation waterbed mattresses.

[0596] An open-cell flexible foam border would be very acceptable on the perimeter of a hollow column mattress core within a mattress cover. Unfortunately, unlike with a latex foam rubber core, the foam cannot be glued to the hollow column gel because the oil component of the gel prevents reliable bonding with known practical adhesives. It would not be desirable to use a very stiff foam as with the foundation waterbed mattresses, because they are uncomfortable. Thus a method is needed to economically and reliably attach a foam border to a hollow column gel cushion perimeter. A further need exists for a method to provide sufficient stiffness to the border to pre-tension the hollow column laterally without ruining the sitting feel of the border.

[0597] This embodiment is to encapsulate one or more outer cell walls of a hollow-column buckling cushion within a border material or group of materials so as to physically interlock the hollow column gel and the border. Added features are (1) means to prevent the border so formed from being taller than the hollow column gel by removing a portion of one or more exterior cell walls in the hollow column gel to allow the border material(s) to be continuous across what would otherwise be solid elastomer wall and (2) to reinforce the border with another member which would allow lateral pre-tensioning of the hollow column gel without putting so much lateral load on the border material(s) as to bend the border beyond desirable limits. This is best illustrated by means of examples, which are not to be interpreted as limiting the above description in any way.

[0598]FIG. 55 shows a 6″ tall hollow column gel mattress core 5501. The mattress core 5501 includes foam pieces 5502 stuffed into each outer perimeter cell of the hollow column gel. They are adhesively bonded to an exterior piece of foam through holes 5503 punched in the hollow column gel outer walls. The inner and outer foam pieces are optionally further joined by a cap top and bottom 5504 and 5504, in this case made from foam felt. A fiberglass rod 5506 is inserted through holes punched in the interior walls of the hollow column gel and through the foam pieces stuffed into the outer cells. This rod does not overly interfere with the sitting comfort of the cushion because it is buried so deeply in the soft foam of the border. The rod is very stiff and thus allows lateral pre-tensioning of the hollow column gel. The rod is joined to other rods around the periphery by lugs at the four corners of the hollow column gel.

[0599] Another example is depicted in FIG. 56. That figure shows the configuration of FIG. 55 but with an additional layer of softer “pillow-top” style hollow column gel atop the stiffened 154 hollow column gel mattress core. The encapsulation of the hollow column gel sides within the foam border 5602 involves several perimeter rows of cells, and keeps the hollow column gel pillow-top 5601 securely in place so that it cannot collapse laterally.

[0600]FIG. 57 depicts a configuration similar to that of FIG. 56 but with two “pillow-top” hollow column gel layers 5701 and 5702 encapsulated within the foam border.

[0601]FIG. 58 shows a border configuration made from two pieces of foam per side of the mattress core. A hollow column gel cushioning element 5801 is provided with fiberglass rods 5802 as discussed. A first foam border layer 5803 and a second foam border layer 5804 are provided for border stiffness.

[0602] This is anticipated to require less labor input than the individual cell foam pieces of the prior examples because there are less pieces to handle. This requires that the pieces be continuous across the first hollow column gel cell wall. The cell walls were thus beveled 5805 as shown to allow this continuity.

[0603]FIG. 59 shows the configuration of the previous example but with an additional layer of softer “pillow-top” style hollow column gel 5901 atop the mattress core 5801. The encapsulation of the core 5801 sides within the foam border 5903 and 5804 keeps the pillow top layer 5901 securely in place so that it cannot collapse laterally, and does not increase the number of foam pieces needed.

[0604]FIG. 60 shows a fixture 6000 which assists in installing the foam pieces of the previous two examples. Without such a fixture, it is difficult to get the adhesive-coated foam uniformly into the outer row of hollow column gel cells. FIGS. 60a and 60 b show the fixture 6000 with the foam 6001 inserted and not inserted respectively. FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 show the method used in conjunction with this fixture. FIG. 61 depicts the fixture 6000 in use with the foam 6001 being inserted into the fixture so that the slit foam is inserted into the hollow column gel 6003 cells. The foam and the hollow column gel should be glued for assembly. When the fixture is removed, the foam will expand to fill the hollow columns of the hollow column gel, keeping the pieces assembled until the glue can dry.

[0605]FIG. 62 shows a. method for use in conjunction with the foam border hereof to allow lateral pre-tensioning of the hollow column gel without a fiberglass rod. A layer of foam which spans the entire hollow column gel mattress core surface is bonded to the border form on the bottom of the mattress core, and optionally on the top as well. Thus, there is a hollow column gel core 6201 with a layer of foam on top and bottom 6205 a and 6205 b, and a layer of foam 6202 and 6203 around the outer periphery of the hollow column gel. This ensures that the user will not feel anything hard as may happen with the fiberglass rod. When the weight of the mattress core descends on this foam layer, it will gently force it to be straight, keeping the foam border, which is bonded to it, from bending in from the lateral tension on the hollow column gel. The foam layer(s) have the added advantage of making ‘bottoming out’ through the hollow column gel more comfortable experience when, for example, kneeling on the bed.

[0606]FIG. 63 shows a hollow column gel ‘pillow-top’ 6301 that can be laid over any mattress regardless of construction. It uses a hollow column gel core 6302 and a foam border 6303 that consists of pieces of foam stuffed into the outer two rows of cells of the hollow column gel and bonded to an exterior piece of foam by means of a bridging member. This border assembly is then glued into a fabric cover 6304, which is hook-and-loop attached to the mattress below so that the hollow column gel can be pretensioned.

[0607]FIG. 64 shows a pillow-top of hollow column gel 6401 similar to that of the previous figure except that it has two layers of hollow column gel 6402 and 6403 pillow-top material. The devices are not limited to any particular border material or hollow column gel material.

[0608] The key features are to encapsulate one or more outer cell walls of a hollow-column buckling cushion within a border material or group of materials so as to physically interlock the hollow column gel and the border. Added features are (1) means to prevent the border so formed from being taller than the hollow column gel by removing a portion of one or more exterior cell walls in the hollow column gel to allow the border material(s) to be continuous across what would otherwise be solid elastomer wall and (2) to reinforce the border with another member which would allow lateral pre-tensioning of the hollow column gel without putting so much lateral load on the border material(s) as to bend the border beyond desirable limits. While open-cell flexible polyurethane foam is the example border material, other materials could be used, including wood, air bladders, metal, plastic, closed cell foams, latex foams, rubber, synthetic elastomers in solid or hollow configurations, etc. Rigid members of any type may be used in place of the example fiberglass rods, including metal, wood, plastic, etc. Flexible members of any type may be used in place of the example open-cell polyurethane foam layer that spans the mattress surface, including thermoplastic films, elastomer films, rubber sheets, closed cell elastomeric foam sheets, felt, reticulated foam, etc.

[0609] 3. Rigid, Collapsible Mattress Foundations

[0610] This is in the area of foundations for conventional bed mattresses and other mattresses of similar construction. More specifically, this relates to a foundation, for use in supporting a conventional mattress such as an innerspring or foam mattress, which collapses to ship in a more compact fashion to save shipping costs, has exceptional durability and function, and provides a non-slip mattress interface surface, and for methods of making such foundations.

[0611] Mattresses and foundations are often bought in sets at retail furniture stores. The foundation (sometimes called a box spring) is generally to be set into a steel angle-iron frame or frame of other materials such as wood. The frame holds the foundation off the floor. The foundation in turn supports the mattress, which is usually a separate piece. The mattress's main function is to provide cushioning in a supportive manner, and typically contains springs, foam, fiber batting, and the like. The foundation's main function is to provide support for the relatively floppy mattress so that the mattress does not sag. Another function is to lift the mattress to a proper height for egress, ingress, and sitting.

[0612] Prior art foundations are made in a number of ways. Designers of foundations have several criteria. First is the structural stiffness necessary so that the mattress cannot sag overall nor have local bulk deformation. Second is the creation of space sufficient to lift the mattress to the proper height; foundations are often in the 7″ to 8″ high range. Third is aesthetics, wherein it is desired that the foundation has upholstery that matches the cover of the mattress. Fourth is to meet the first and second, and optionally the third, criteria at the absolutely lowest costs. This fourth criterion often compromises the first two or three. Foundations are often made which have inadequate structural support in the bulk and/or local sense, or which have fabrics over the top or bottom which rip easily. Foundations are often made by attaching metal wire structures to a grid of stapled 1×2 lumber, then surrounding the assembly with a cover which consists of a mattress ticking around the sides (to match the mattress) and a light gauze-like fabric on the top/bottom. This gauze-like fabric rips easily and is the source of frustration for many mattress owners that attempt to move their foundation from one room or residence to another. The metal wire structures do not provide a uniform solid surface on which the mattress can rest, allowing local deformation of the mattress. To save cost, many mattress manufacturers put in too few metal wire structures, or structures with wire that is too thin. Manufacturers of high quality foundations must attach a price tag that limits the number of customers they will have. Another problem is that foundations are bulky and non-compressible and it is expensive to ship them from one place to another. This applies to over-the-road shipping as well as local delivery truck shipping. In addition to taking up too much room in an over-the-road semi-truck, a prior art foundation will not be shipped by such carvers as UPS because it exceeds their size limits. A mattress foundation which could be so compact as to ship by UPS, which has a 130-inch limit on height plus girth, would save shippers and thus consumer a lot of money, and enable products to become nationally distributed which are otherwise limited to being regional. Another problem with the prior art is that the gauze-like fabrics, or even higher-quality mattress tickings used by high-quality manufacturers, allow the mattress to slip and slide on the foundation, causing the need for constant positional adjustment by the accordingly frustrated end user.

[0613] There thus exists a need for a mattress foundation which ships in a more compact fashion, has exceptional durability, does not allow local or bulk deformation on even heavy mattresses, provides a non-slip mattress interface surface, and achieves all of this at very low cost. A further need exists for such a mattress foundation which can be made so compact as to ship via local delivery truck in one or more packages and does not require complicated assembly by an end user.

[0614] This embodiment is a mattress foundation comprising a relatively rigid top and separate or separable sides and/or ends. The separate/separable sides and/or ends either easily disassemble from the top or fold into parallel with the top.

[0615] In one example embodiment, which is shown in FIGS. 65 and 66 and which is easily shippable, the foundation is divided into six segments. Each segment has a ¼ inch thick plywood top, under which is stapled a grid of 1×2 lumber on approximately 14-inch centers, with the 1.50″ dimension of the (nominal) 1×2 lumber orthogonal to the plane of the plywood. The plywood overlaps the grid of 1×2's by ¼ inch. The total thickness of this “top” is 1.75″, so six of them can be stacked and shipped via UPS even in a king-size foundation, in which the dimensions of each top would be approximately 37 inches by 26 inches. In a separate container, the frame is shipped as separate boards in a narrow stack. The frame consists of ¼ inch thick plywood slats (seven, in the case of the foundation 6501 of FIG. 65) which are joined by plastic extruded pieces which slip over slots machined into the slats (well known in the waterbed art as part of a much different type of foundation used in conjunction with a wooden waterbed). The center three slats are notched to allow them to all have their top surfaces at the same level. FIG. 66 shows the six tops all set into the frame 6601. Attaching the tops to the frame is not necessary, since the angle-iron bed frame constrains the frame, as does each of the six tops, from distorting in the plane of the mattress. The mattress weight keeps the tops from coming up out of the frame, while the ¼ inch overhang on each top prevents the top from going down through the frame. Thus the foundation is constrained in all directions and the tops do not need to be attached by mechanical means. To move the foundation from one room or residence to another, one simply lifts out the six tops, removes the plastic connectors, and moves them independently, then reassembles them in the new room. All is done without any tools, and is very simple. The plywood top is continuous, is rigid and made even more rigid by the 1×2 grid, and the bulk stiffness of the foundation is ensured by the multi-board frame. The top of the plywood can be sprayed or rolled with a pigmented solvated rubber-like thermoplastic elastomer, such as any of the Kraton D elastomers from Shell Chemical mixed with toluene, and the solvent allowed to evaporate. Alternatively, the elastomer can be melted and applied in the molten state. The remaining thin layer of rubber-like material creates a non-slip mattress surface, and the pigment hides the plywood. The outer slats of the frame can be covered at the manufacturing stage with upholstery material to match the mattress, and when combined with the pigmented tops create a very aesthetically attractive look. The durability of the foundation is assured by the use of durable construction materials such as plywood; there are no gauze-like fabrics to be easily ripped or other non-durable materials. The cost is sufficiently low to be an attractive feature. The total direct labor and material cost of a queen-sized foundation is expected to be less than US $20.00, which is on par with the cheapest gauze-covered foundations of the prior art. The weight of a queen-size foundation in accordance with this example embodiment is expected to be less than 50 pounds, on par with other poorer quality foundations.

[0616] Another example embodiment is geared toward shipping in conventional semi-trucks and local delivery trucks. Retail mattress sellers generally would find any assembly undesirable, even the small amount of assembly described in the above easily shippable embodiment. This alternate example embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 67a-e. A ¼ inch thick plywood top which spans the entire mattress foundation is used, under which is stapled a grid of 1×2 lumber on approximately 14-inch centers, with the 1.50″ dimension of the (nominal) 1×2 lumber orthogonal to the plane of the plywood. The plywood is flush with the edge of the grid of 1×2's. ¼ inch thick plywood ends and sides are hinged to the top and fold in as shown in the previous figures. The overall assembly is only 2.3 inches thick when folded, so it ships in less than ⅓ the space of a prior art 7-inch thick foundation. FIG. 67e shows the foundations of this example embodiment stacked compactly for shipment. The retailer will drive the still compact foundation to the customer's home, unfold the sides and ends in a simple motion, and attach the sides and ends to each other at the four corners. This attachment involves only the lining up of the corners and the guiding in of a pre-installed attachment, such as a barbed male-in-female attachment which does not come out once installed. Instructions for fabricating this example embodiment are as follows:

[0617] 1. Cut all plywood, 1×2 lumber, fabric, foam, and galvanized strips to size.

[0618] 2. Staple (or nail) the width-wise continuous slats flush all around with the edges of the top plywood. Make sure any width-wise seam between two pieces of plywood is centered on a slat and that each piece of plywood is independently fastened to that slat.

[0619] 3. Staple (or nail) the length-wise slats to the width-wise slats and to the top plywood. Use marking template as needed to ensure that the staples through the top plywood are centered on the slats. Make sure any length-wise seam between two pieces of plywood is centered on a slat and that each piece of plywood is independently fastened to that slat.

[0620] 4. Using four screws per strip, screw one side of the 9″ galvanized strips to the end and side panels. For twin size foundations, there will be two on each end panel and three on each side panel. For all other sizes, there will be three on each end panel and three on each side panel. They should be evenly spaced apart. Note that on the end panels, the outside strips should be 5.5″ from the panel ends (so as not to interfere with the unfolding of the side panels), whereas for the side panels, the outside strips should be flush with the panel ends.

[0621] 5. Place the foam (without adhesive) on a plywood side panel. Place the fabric over the foam and wrap around to the back under reasonable tension. It will overlap ½ inch on all four edges onto the back. Staple the fabric under tension to the back on all four edges. Note: These should be normal wood staples, not the kind coated with hot-melt adhesive that will be used for the top-to-slat stapling. Repeat for the other side panel and the two end panels.

[0622] 6. Attach a plywood spacer to the 1×2's in every place where there is a galvanized strip on the corresponding end panel.

[0623] 7. Keeping the side and end panels parallel to (but not even with) the top plywood, attach the side and end panels to the perimeter 1×2's by screwing on the galvanized strips. Again use four screws per strip.

[0624] 8. Fold in the side panels.

[0625] Another example embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 68a and 68 b. This foundation 6801 consists of a ¼ inch thick plywood top 6802 but in this case has no 1×2 stiffener grid as in the previous two examples. It has a fold-down side as in the previous example. The fold-down ends of example 2 exist, and are accompanied by a series of internal panels similar to the ends except not upholstered. These interior panels act to stiffen the plywood top in lieu of the 1×2 grid. The end and interior panels fold down an orthogonal angle to the top. The side panels do so also, and have slots machined in their sides to receive the edges of the side and interior panels. This embodiment enjoys similar cost and weight and performance advantages of the previous examples, with similarly low assembly-on-site labor. However, this embodiment ships even more compactly, with a folded width of less than 1 inch. Thus more than seven foundations can be shipped in the space occupied by one prior art foundation.

[0626] Another example embodiment utilizes a plywood/grid top as in another example above but without the fold-down sides and ends. The top is built to have a ¼ inch overlap of the plywood from the 1×2 grid. The top is set into a border frame, consisting of integral sides and ends. The top may be attached or not as example. The sides and ends are angled from vertical slightly to allow stacking of the border frames. If the tops are attached, the foundations can still stack compactly. If the frames are unattached, it may be advantageous to stack the border frames and the tops separately for maximum overall compaction. The border frame can be made of wood or wood composites. It can also be made by forming plastic sheet into a frame, such as ⅛-inch thick polyethylene.

[0627] In the examples above, the top of the plywood can be sprayed with a pigmented solvated rubber-like thermoplastic to create a non-slip mattress surface, with the pigment hiding the plywood.

[0628] The devices are not limited to any particular material or specific configuration so long as it comprises a relatively rigid top and separate/separable sides which either easily assemble/disassemble from the top or fold into parallel with the top. The materials can be any economical structurally sound material, including but not limited to plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), chipboard, pressboard, plastic, metal, masonite, or composite materials. The top is example to be continuous but can be perforated or discontinuous so long as it provides the needed overall rigidity and does not have gaps so large as to allow the mattress to have localized deformation. The size of the allowed gaps depends on the floppiness of the mattress; e.g., a firm innerspring mattress can sit atop larger gaps than a foam mattress.

[0629] The mattress foundations hereof, as illustrated by but not limited to the examples shown, are different from and superior to the prior art in several ways:

[0630] 1. Unlike prior art foundations for conventional mattresses, my foundations ship more compactly, saving considerable expense in shipping and expanding the market area in which a mattress manufacturer can compete.

[0631] 2. Unlike prior art foundations for conventional mattresses, my foundations are more rigid and thus allow less deformation both in an overall and a local sense.

[0632] 3. Unlike prior art foundations for conventional mattresses which are inexpensive to produce, my foundations are more durable because all of the materials of construction are durable (no thin fabrics, etc.).

[0633] 4. Unlike prior art foundations for conventional mattresses that use quality fabrics and are thus durable and that use sufficient metal spacers to effect high rigidity, my foundations are inexpensive to produce because I use the rigidity and durability of inexpensive materials such as plywood rather than labor-intensive and costly heavy steel wire structures bridged with quality fabrics.

[0634] 5. Unlike prior art foundations for conventional mattresses, devices herein allow for foundations which collapse to the point that they can be shipped local delivery truck, and even these versions do not require labor intensive or tool intensive assembly by the end user.

[0635] 6. Unlike all known prior art mattress foundations, my foundations have an anti-slip option.

[0636] The main feature hereof is separate/separable sides/ends in conjunction with a relatively rigid top or tops which enable(s) compact shipping. Some of the additional features include but are not limited to:

[0637] a. The optional use of ductile thin metal as hinges, usable because the hinges will be actuated very few times and so metal fatigue failure does not come into play.

[0638] b. The optional pre-application of fabric and other upholstery materials (such as foam) to the individual sides and/or ends of a foundation. In prior art foundations, such upholstery is only applied to the assembled foundation, which prevents some of the features.

[0639] c. The optional use of a solvated elastomer or melted elastomer to facilitate the spray or roller application of the elastomer to a foundation top.

[0640] d. The optional use in general of a non-skid top in a mattress foundation.

[0641] e. In a foundation, the optional use of a grid (1×2's in the examples) firmly attached to a relatively thin skin (¼-inch plywood in the examples) to provide an overall very stiff top and/or side and/or end structure.

[0642] f. The use of a barbed fastener or other low-labor fasteners to locate one foundation component relative to another.

[0643] 4. Podalic Pads

[0644] Elastomeric or viscoelastomeric podalic pads using materials and or structures described herein can be created.

[0645] 5. Elastomer Chews

[0646] These devices includes an elastomeric or viscoelastomeric chews. The material may be shaped for chewing and may be impregnated with a substances that slowly releases into the mouth while being chewed, such as medications, drugs, flavors, sweeteners, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, homeopathic remedies, and any other substance that is desired to be slowly released into the mouth. Most rubbers and elastomers are non-polar and have a definable solubility factor. Most substances to be released into the mouth are polar and have a solubility factor different from elastomers. When blended with an elastomer, the substance to be released does not chemically bond with the elastomer, so during chewing the substance to be released immediately separates from the elastomer. But when the materials are used, a polar bond is formed between the substance to be released and the elastomer, so that the substance to be released works out of the elastomer matrix slowly during chewing. Chewing the elastomer chew does not fatigue the jaw and mouth of the chewer as chewing gum does because the elastomer rebounds to its original shape during chewing rather than sticking to the teeth and creating suction as chewing gum does.

[0647] Referring to FIGS. 69a, 69 b and 69 c, a top view, front view and end view (respectively) of an elastomer chew 6901 are shown.

[0648] 6. Cushions That Include Hollow Column Gel and a Second Cushioning Element

[0649] Referring to FIGS. 70-85, embodiments which include both a hollow column gel as described herein and at least a second cushioning element are shown. The advantages of buckling columns are already described herein. Combining buckling column cushions with another cushioning element and at least 30% void space in stacked sequence is very advantageous. This applies to many products including beds, mattressing, operating table pads, stretcher cushions, sofas, chairs, wheelchair seat cushions, vehicle seats, bicycle seats, forklift seats, truck seats, car seats, lawnmower seats, motorcycle seats, tractor seats, boat seats, plane seats, train seat and others.

[0650]FIG. 70 depicts a 2″ high hollow column gel elastomer 7001 with 1″ square columns and 0.125″ wall thickness topped with a quilted fiber top 7002 as is commonly found in the mattressing art. This allows the user of the cushion to enjoy breathability between his body and the gel, and to avoid the high friction of contact with the gel. Further, since the gel will not touch the user's skin, the user will not feel cold on touching the cushion.

[0651]FIG. 71 depicts a first hollow column gel cushioning element 7101, a second hollow column gel cushioning element 7102 and a quilted fiber top 7103 in stacked sequence. The firmness of the hollow column gel cushioning elements may be varied to increase the surface area of the user being cushioned.

[0652]FIG. 72 depicts a tall gel column 7002 topped with a quilted top 7003 that includes fiber 7001 and foam 7004. The foam creates extra thickness and a bridging effect over the hollow columns, allowing large columns to be used, such as 6″ tall, with 1.8″ square holes and 0.10″ wall thickness. Greater hole size reduces weight and cost of the hollow column gel.

[0653]FIG. 73 depicts a first hollow column gel 7301 that is 6″ high and has 1.8″ square holes and 0.10″ wall thickness. A second hollow column gel 7302 is stacked thereon using 2″ hollow columns with 1″ square holes and 0.125″ wall thickness. That is topped with a quilted top with fiber 7303. The short columns provide a plush bridging effect for the deep-sinking tall columns.

[0654]FIG. 74 depicts two short hollow column gel elements 7401 and 7402 atop a tall hollow column gel element 7403 with large holes, the entire combination topped with a quilted top 7404. Durometers of the cushioning elements may be varied.

[0655]FIG. 75 depicts a short cushioning element 7501 atop a thick layer of polyurethane foam 7502, the entire assembly being topped with a quilted top 7503.

[0656]FIG. 76 depicts a thick layer of polyurethane foam 7601 on top of which is found a first 7602 and a second 7603 short hollow column gel cushioning element, followed by a quilted top 7604. This configuration has good side stability.

[0657]FIG. 77 depicts a slab of high grade visco foam 7701 on top of which is found a short hollow column gel element 7702 and a quilted top. Visco foam is also called gel foam and Tfoam. Visco-form easily forms to the shape of the object being cushioned, while still providing side stability.

[0658]FIG. 78 depicts a prior art spring unit 7801 which is well known, followed by a short unit of hollow column gel 7802 and a quilted top 7803. The gel columns in this embodiment overcome the peak pressure problems of spring units.

[0659]FIG. 79 depicts a spring unit 7901 topped with a first 7902 and a second 7903 hollow column gel cushion and a quilted top 7904.

[0660]FIG. 80 depicts use of a shallow spring unit 8001 topped with a thick hollow column gel unit 8002 using large columns, and the top layer 8003 being a quilted top with foam 8004 for bridging across the large columns.

[0661]FIG. 81 depicts a slab of latex foam 8101 topped with a short hollow column gel unit 8102 and a quilted top 8103.

[0662]FIG. 82 depicts another embodiment with a base of tall hollow column gel with large columns 8201, followed by a latex foam rubber topper 8202 and a quilted top 18 8203.

[0663]FIG. 83 depicts a tall column hollow column gel element 8301 followed by a layer of latex foam 8302 and a quilted top 8303.

[0664]FIG. 84 depicts a tall hollow column gel element 8401 followed by a layer of polyurethane foam 8402 and a quilted top 8403.

[0665]FIG. 85 depicts a tall unit of hollow column gel 8501 topped with a layer of pillow soft polyurethane foam 8502 and a quilted top 8503.

[0666] 7. Method for Extruding Large Internally Complex Discontinuous Structures

[0667] A method for extruding cushioning shapes is provided below. The method permits the extrusion of polymeric parts of complex geometry which are short in cut-off length but of large dimension in one or more dimensions transverse to the material flow.

[0668] A significant problem in extrusion is differential cooling between the exterior and interior of the part causing shrinkage and part deformation. Another problem is that air pressure differences in the part interior causes part blow up or collapse. The larger the extruded part, the greater these problems are. When hollow column gel parts are made, the parts will preferably be very large, such as at least 45 inches square. In the prior art it was not considered possible to manufacture large, low-durometer gel products, such as the hollow column gel cushioning elements, by extrusion, particularly if the part to be extruded is floppy and does not stand under its own weight.

[0669] Referring to FIG. 86, a novel extrusion die is depicted. The die is useful in extruding a king sized mattress core in a single piece, the overall dimensions of which are 76 inches by 79.5 inches by 6 inches thick. Internally, the example mattress core would include hollow square columns of about 2 inches by 2 inches with a wall thickness of about 0.10 inches. The gelatinous elastomer or viscoelastomer to be used is as described elsewhere herein, but is low durometer and floppy.

[0670] The extrusion die 8601 is constructed as follows. Note that the figure depicts only a portion of the whole die, for simplicity. A steel base plate 8602 of about 80×84 inches is machined flat to a thickness of about 1 inch. Aluminum cores 8603 are provided attached to the base plate. The aluminum cores are machined to about 1.95″×1.95″×1.5″. The cores are attached to the base plate with a spacing of 0.10″ in order to create hollow column gel with 0.10″ wall thickness. As molten elastomer floods through the space between the cores, the desired cushioning element shape is formed. A cap plate 8604 is attached to the base plate, of the same dimension as the base plate. Runners are machined into the base plate and the cap to permit molten elastomer to be forced therethrough by a press of sufficient strength.: Small holes 8605 are drilled between the runners and the spaces 8606 or runways between the cores 8603 to permit molten elastomer to flow from the runners through the holes and through the runways to form a cushioning element. The molten material can flow through the runners much more easily than through the small drilled holes, resulting in reasonably equalized pressure as the molten material moves through the runways 8605. Molten material enters the die 8601 at an input and exits the die 8601 at an output 8608. As the material exits the die at the output, it is immediately cooled in a water bath 8609 so that from the water bath exit 8610 a frozen finished part is produced. The use of a water bath stabilizes the part shape. As material exits the die and enters the water bath, at an appropriate dimension it will be cut according to a prior art cutting method. Air pressure is not needed within the part because the water bath provides even cooling and part shape stability. In the water bath, there is no tendency of gravity to cause sidewall collapse of the part. The specific gravity of the example elastomer is 0.88, near enough the specific gravity of water (1.0) such that buoyancy will not deform the part.

[0671] It is example that the water bath be at or near boiling. This is because as the water inside of cells of the hollow column gel heats up from the cooling process, it would create a temperature differential with water outside of the cells which does not heat up as much. Transfer of heat from the elastomer to the water causes steam. Vent holes in the cores and plates are provided to accommodate release of this steam.

[0672] Although the example coolant is water, other flowable cooling mediums could be used, such as air, glycerin, propylene glycol, oil, plastic beads, hydraulic fluid, heat transfer fluid, and other materials that do not deform the elastomer part. If stiff parts are being made, air may be an appropriate coolant. In some instances, such as with a low specific gravity part, it is desired to cut the part off from the die before it enters the water to avoid deformation due to buoyancy.

[0673] The extrusion example herein is downward extrusion into water, but upward extrusion is also contemplated. In such a case, the coolant would be in direct contact with the die face and the die face would be in a tank of coolant. Parts would tend to buoy up in the coolant as they exit the die.

[0674] 8. Gel-Coated Fabrics

[0675] Another embodiment is to coat fabrics etc. with a highly plasticized A-B-A tri-block co-polymer of the SEPS, SEEPS or SEEEPS variety (styrene-[ethylene-ethylene propylene]-styrene or styrene-[ethylene-ethylene-ethylene-propylene]-styrene). The EEEP mid-block is preferably of very high molecular weight, such that the solution viscosity is so high as to be essentially a solid when at 20% solids in toluene @ 25 degrees C. Preferably, the plasticizer is a white paraffinic mineral oil such as Witco LP-200. Preferably, an fluorochemical such as Dupont Zonyl BA-N is added to slow or completely prevent the wicking out of the plasticizer. My most example SEEEPS tri-block co-polymer is Septon 4055 by Kuraray of Japan. Septon 4055 is a solid elastomeric gel when combined with toluene at 20% solids @ 25 degrees C., and not a liquid at all, so that solution viscosity is a meaningless term for Septon 4055. Septon 4055 exhibits less plasticizer wicking than other copolymers, and produces a stronger and more durable gel.

[0676] The most example plasticizer to copolymer ratio for fabric coatings is in the range of 4-to-1 to 2-to-1. More or less plasticizer is allowable within the scope. More plasticizer is not example for most applications because the tackiness of the gel is higher as plasticizer content increases. Less plasticizer is not example for most applications because the lower the plasticizer content, the more effect on suppleness will be noticed.

[0677] The need exists for an additive which substantially reduces and preferably completes stops wicking of the plasticizer. The fabric coating thus preferably includes an additive such as is fully described above. As stated above, my most example additive is Dupont's fluorochemical alcohol Zonyl BA-N, added at 0.05% to 0.75%, typically 0.20% to 0.35%, of the total gel weight. Other fluorochemicals, particularly fluorochemical alcohols and surfactants, are also example anti-wicking additives in the coating.

[0678] The results of applying my example gel coating to a fabric are excellent. Because the durometer is so low (Shore A10 at the highest, but usually well below the Shore A scale altogether), the suppleness of the fabric is virtually unaffected. Since it can stretch to as much as twenty times its original length without permanent set, and since it is of such low durometer, the stretchiness of fabrics such as Dupont's Lycra is virtually unaffected. It is essentially water proof. It has a low degree of air permeability, so that in very thin coatings it allows some breathing of air and vapors, and with somewhat thicker coatings is for all practical purposes gas impermeable. It is very lightweight, with a density of 0.86 to 0.88 grams per cubic centimeter (as a comparison, silicone gel is about 0.98, polyurethane film is about 1.25, and rubber density varies depending on fillers used but is generally more than that of my example gel. It is relatively inexpensive, costing about 80% as much as Mr. Chen's example gels, 50% as much as neoprene, and 30% as much as polyurethane film. It does not wick plasticizer at all at room temperature when placed next to photocopier paper.

[0679] The example gel can be applied to fabrics in a variety of ways. One example method is to solvate the gel ingredients in toluene or another organic solvent, using enough toluene to produce the viscosity desired. The solvated gel is coated onto the fabric by coating means well known in the art, such as a roller and doctor blade, then the toluene is evaporated off, usually with heat, and usually recovered so as to prevent air pollution. Another example method is to heat and shear the gel ingredients at sufficient temperature (usually 350 to 400 degrees F. is sufficient) that a thoroughly molten and mixed fluid is obtained. The molten fluid is then coated onto the fabric with similar means as in the solvated case, and the molten gel is allowed to cool and solidify. Other means are also feasible, including but not limited to extruding the molten gel into a film, cooling it, then heat-laminating the film to the fabric. Other methods might include hot molten gel spray and solvated gel spray.

[0680] This disclosure is not to be limited by the foregoing preferences and examples. Any type of fabric or other pliable, porous material (including but not limited to paper and foam) coated with or laminated to the range of gels described above or coated with or laminated to any plasticized elastomer containing anti-wicking additives or bleed-reducing additives as described above also falls within the scope. Any method of applying the coating or laminated layer is acceptable.

[0681] 9. Summary of Some Alternative Embodiments

[0682] Referring to FIGS. 87-97, various alternative embodiments are depicted. Each of these is a cushioning device which may be incorporated into any type of cushion desired.

[0683]FIG. 87 depicts a base of a non-skid (high friction) fabric 8701 on which a cushioning element 8702 is found topped by a pearlized chintz quilt with foam and fiber 8703. The cushioning element 8702 has buckling foam rails.

[0684]FIG. 88 depicts a base of non-skid fabric 8801 under a buckling foam rail cushioning element 8802 and topped with a pearlized chintz pillow top with foam, convoluted foam and fiber.

[0685]FIG. 89 depicts a base of Belgian damask tick 8901 on which a cushioning element 8902 of foam buckling rails is place. On top of that is found a layer of supersoft latex foam 8903 followed by a top of Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber 8904.

[0686]FIG. 90 depicts a base of Belgian damask tick 9001 which has a buckling rail cushioning element 9002 on top of it with buckling rails in only one direction, followed by a buckling rail cushioning element 9003 that has buckling roam rails in two directions, followed by a layer of supersoft latex foam 9004 and a top of Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber.

[0687]FIG. 91 depicts a base of Belgian damask tick 9101 on which is a cushioning element 9102 with buckling roam rails in two directions, a second cushioning element 9103 with buckling foam latex rails in two directions, a layer of supersoft latex foam 9104 and a top of Belgian damask tick with supersoft fiber.

[0688]FIG. 92 depicts a base of Belgian damask tick 9201 on top of which is a cushioning element 9202 of hollow column gel surrounded by border-stiffening foam and a foam base, and a top 9203 of Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber.

[0689]FIG. 93 depicts a base 9301 of Belgian damask tick followed by a cushioning element 9302 of gel hollow columns bordered by foam and with a foam base, followed by two-dimension buckling rail foam 9303 and a top of Belgian damask quilt with foam and fiber 9304.

[0690]FIG. 94 depicts a base of non-skid fabric 9401 followed by mattress inner springs 9402, then by buckling rail foam with rails in two directions 9403 and a top of pearlized chintz quilt with foam and fiber.

[0691]FIG. 95 depicts a base of Belgian damask tick 9501 under metal mattress inner springs 9502 followed by a cushioning element 9503 with foam latex buckling rails in two directions, and a top 9504 of Belgian damask quilt with supersoft fiber.

[0692]FIG. 96 depicts a cushioning element 9601 of buckling foam rails in two directions with foam borders, a foam base and a foam top, a second unit of 2 inches of memory foam 9602 and a stretch knit cover 9603.

[0693]FIG. 97 depicts a cushioning element 9701 of buckling latex foam rails in two directions, with a layer 9702 of latex foam on top followed by a stretch knit cover 9704.

[0694] The reader should note that any other manufacturing method may be used which results in a cushioning element having the general configuration of or achieving the object hereof. Such other methods may include but are not limited to rotational molding of a cushioning media such as a hot liquid gel, and vacuum forming of sheets of a cushioning media such as gel.

[0695] While the present devices, methods and materials have been described and illustrated in conjunction with a number of specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the principles as herein illustrated, described, and claimed.

[0696] The present devices, materials and methods may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as only illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A stacked cushion comprising: (a) a first cushioning element and a second cushioning element stacked together in sequence to form a stacked cushion, (b) said stacked cushion having a stacked cushion bottom; (c) said first cushioning element including (i) a quantity of first gel cushioning medium formed to have a first cushioning element top, a first cushioning element bottom, and a first outer periphery, said first gel cushioning medium being compressible so that it will deform under the compressive force of a cushioned object; (ii) wherein said first gel cushioning media is flexible and resilient, having shape memory and being substantially solid and non-flowable at temperatures below 130 degrees Fahrenheit; (iii) a plurality of first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium, each of said first hollow columns having a first longitudinal axis along its length, each of said first hollow columns having a first column wall which defines a first hollow column interior, and each of said first hollow columns having two ends; (iv) wherein each of said first column ends is positioned at two different points of said first longitudinal axis; (v) wherein at least one of said first hollow columns of said first cushioning element is positioned within said first gel cushioning medium such that said first longitudinal axis is positioned generally parallel to the direction of a compressive force exerted on the stacked cushion by a cushioned object in contact with the stacked cushion; (c) wherein the stacked cushion is adapted to have a cushioned object placed in contact with said stacked cushion top; and (d) wherein at least one of said first column walls of said first cushioning element is capable of buckling beneath a protuberance that is located on the cushioned object.
 2. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element beneath said second cushioning element.
 3. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element on top of said second cushioning element.
 4. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element in between at least two of said second cushioning elements.
 5. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1 further comprising a quilted top covering an area of the stacked cushion including said stacked cushion top.
 6. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 5, said quilted top including fiber.
 7. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 5, said quilted top including foam.
 8. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1 further comprising a latex foam rubber topper covering an area of the stacked cushion including said stacked cushion top.
 9. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium formed as short columns.
 10. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium formed as tall columns.
 11. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said first column walls having dimensions comprising six inches in length, one tenth inch thick, and a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns forms a square.
 12. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said first column walls having dimensions comprising two inches in length, one hundred twenty five thousandths of an inch thick, and a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns forms a square.
 13. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said second cushioning element is selected from the group consisting of a quilted top, a foam rubber topper, a foam pad, a polyurethane foam pad, a latex foam pad, a pillow soft polyurethane foam pad, a high grade visco foam slab, a gel cushioning medium pad, and a coil spring pad.
 14. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, wherein a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns has a shape selected from the group consisting of triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, round, oval, and n-sided polygonal where n is an integer.
 15. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said first cushioning element comprising a first void space calculated by dividing the summed volume of said first hollow column interiors by the volume defined by said first cushioning element top, said first cushioning element bottom, and said first outer periphery, said first void space being at least 0.30.
 16. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, the stacked cushion adapted for use in beds, mattressing, operating table pads, stretcher cushions, sofas, chairs, wheelchair seat cushions, vehicle seats, bicycle seats, forklift seats, truck seats, car seats, lawnmower seats, motorcycle seats, tractor seats, boat seats, plane seats, or train seats.
 17. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 1, said second cushioning element comprising: (a) a quantity of other gel cushioning medium formed to have an other cushioning element top, an other cushioning element bottom, and an other outer periphery, said other gel cushioning medium being compressible so that it will deform under the compressive force of a cushioned object; (b) wherein said other gel cushioning media is flexible and resilient, having shape memory and being substantially solid and non-flowable at temperatures below 130 degrees Fahrenheit; (c) a plurality of other hollow columns formed in said other gel cushioning medium, each of said other hollow columns having an other longitudinal axis along its length, each of said other hollow columns having an other column wall which defines an other hollow column interior, and each of said other columns having two ends; (d) wherein each of said other column ends is positioned at two different points of said other column axis; (e) wherein at least one of said other hollow columns of said second cushioning element is positioned within said other gel cushioning medium such that said other longitudinal axis is positioned generally parallel to the direction of a compressive force exerted on the stacked cushion by a cushioned object in contact with the stacked cushion; (f) wherein the stacked cushion is adapted to have a cushioned object placed in contact with said stacked cushion top; and (g) wherein at least one of said other column walls of said second cushioning element is capable of buckling beneath a protuberance that is located on the cushioned object.
 18. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 17, said other hollow columns formed in said other gel cushioning medium formed as short columns.
 19. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 17, said other hollow columns formed in said other gel cushioning medium formed as tall columns.
 20. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 17, said other column walls having dimensions comprising not less than about, six inches in length, not less than about one tenth inch thick, and a cross section of each of said other hollow columns taken orthogonal to said other longitudinal axis of said other hollow columns forms a square with not less than about one and eight tenths inch sides.
 21. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 17, said other column walls having dimensions of not less than about two inches in length, not less than about one hundred twenty five thousandths of an inch thick, and a cross section of each of said other hollow columns taken orthogonal to said other longitudinal axis of said other hollow columns forms a square with not less than about one inch sides.
 22. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 17, wherein a cross section of each of said other hollow columns taken orthogonal to said other longitudinal axis of said other hollow columns has a shape selected from the group consisting of triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, round, oval, and n-sided polygonal where n is an integer.
 23. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 17, said second cushioning element comprising an other void space calculated by dividing the summed volume of said other hollow column interiors by the volume defined by said other cushioning element top, said other cushioning element bottom, and said other outer periphery, said other void space being at least 0.30.
 24. A stacked cushion comprising: (a) A first cushioning element, at least second a cushioning element, a stacked cushion top and a stacked cushion bottom, said first cushioning element and said second cushioning element in stacked sequence; (b) said first cushioning element including (i) a quantity of first gel cushioning medium formed to have a first cushioning element top, a first cushioning element bottom, and a first outer periphery, said first gel cushioning medium being compressible so that it will deform under the compressive force of a cushioned object; (ii) wherein said first gel cushioning media is flexible and resilient, having shape memory and being substantially solid and non-flowable at temperatures below 130 degrees Fahrenheit; (iii) a plurality of first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium, each of said first hollow columns having a first longitudinal axis along its length, each of said first hollow columns having a first column wall which defines a first hollow column interior, and each of said first hollow columns having two ends; (iv) wherein each of said first column ends is positioned at two different points of said first longitudinal axis; (v) wherein at least one of said first hollow columns of said first cushioning element is positioned within said first gel cushioning medium such that said first longitudinal axis is positioned generally parallel to the direction of a compressive force exerted on the stacked cushion by a cushioned object in contact with the stacked cushion; (vi) wherein the stacked cushion is adapted to have a cushioned object placed in contact with said stacked cushion top; and (vii) wherein at least one of said first column walls of said first cushioning element is capable of buckling beneath a protuberance that is located on the cushioned object; (c) said second cushioning element selected from the group consisting of a quilted top, a foam rubber topper, a foam pad, a polyurethane foam pad, a latex foam pad, a pillow soft polyurethane foam pad, a high grade visco foam slab, a gel cushioning medium pad, and a coil spring element.
 25. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element beneath said second cushioning element.
 26. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element on top of said second cushioning element.
 27. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element in between at least two of said second cushioning element.
 28. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24 further comprising a quilted top covering an area of the stacked cushion including said stacked cushion top.
 29. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said quilted top including fiber.
 30. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said quilted top including foam.
 31. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24 further comprising a latex foam rubber topper covering an area of the stacked cushion including said stacked cushion top.
 32. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium formed as short columns.
 33. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium formed as tall columns.
 34. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said first column walls having dimensions of not less than about six inches in length, not less than about one tenth inch thick, and a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns forms a square with not less than about one inch sides.
 35. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said first column walls having dimensions of not less than about two inches in length, not less than about one hundred twenty five thousandths of an inch thick, and a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns forms a square with not less than about one inch sides.
 36. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, wherein a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns has a shape selected from the group consisting of triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, round, oval, and n-sided polygonal where n is an integer.
 37. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, said first cushioning element comprising a first void space calculated by dividing the summed volume of said first hollow column interiors by the volume defined by said first cushioning element top, said first cushioning element bottom, and said first outer periphery, said first void space being at least 0.30.
 38. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 24, the stacked cushion adapted for use in beds, mattressing, operating table pads, stretcher cushions, sofas, chairs, wheelchair seat cushions, vehicle seats, bicycle seats, forklift seats, truck seats, car seats, lawnmower seats, motorcycle seats, tractor seats, boat seats, plane seats, or train seats.
 39. A stacked cushion comprising: (a) a first cushioning element, at least a second cushioning element, a stacked cushion top and a stacked cushion bottom, said first cushioning element and said second cushioning element in stacked sequence; (b) said first cushioning element including (i) a quantity of first gel cushioning medium formed to have a first cushioning element top, a first cushioning element bottom, and a first outer periphery, said first gel cushioning medium being compressible so that it will deform under the compressive force of a cushioned object; (ii) wherein said cushioning media is flexible and resilient, having shape memory and being substantially solid and non-flowable at temperatures below 130 degrees Fahrenheit; (iii) a plurality of first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium, each of said first hollow columns having a first longitudinal axis along its length, each of said first hollow columns having a first column wall which defines a first hollow column interior, and each of said first hollow columns having two ends; (iv) wherein each of said first column ends is positioned at two different points of said first longitudinal axis; (v) wherein at least one of said first hollow columns of said first cushioning element is positioned within said first gel cushioning medium such that said first longitudinal axis is positioned generally parallel to the direction of a compressive force exerted on the stacked cushion by a cushioned object in contact with the stacked cushion; (vi) wherein the stacked cushion is adapted to have a cushioned object placed in contact with said stacked cushion top; and (vii) wherein at least one of said first column walls of said first cushioning element is capable of buckling beneath a protuberance that is located on the cushioned object; (c) said second cushioning element including: (i) a quantity of other gel cushioning medium formed to have an other cushioning element top, an other cushioning element bottom, and an other outer periphery, said other gel cushioning medium being compressible so that it will deform under the compressive force of a cushioned object; (ii) wherein said other gel cushioning media is flexible and resilient, having shape memory and being substantially solid and non-flowable at temperatures below 130 degrees Fahrenheit; (iii) a plurality of other hollow columns formed in said other gel cushioning medium, each of said other hollow columns having an other longitudinal axis along its length, each of said other hollow columns having an other column wall which defines an other hollow column interior, and each of said other hollow columns having two ends; (iv) wherein each of said other column ends is positioned at two different points of said other longitudinal axis; (v) wherein at least one of said other hollow columns of said second cushioning element is positioned within said other gel cushioning medium such that said other longitudinal axis is positioned generally parallel to the direction of a compressive force exerted on the stacked cushion by a cushioned object in contact with the stacked cushion; (vi) wherein the stacked cushion is adapted to have a cushioned object placed in contact with said stacked cushion top; and (vii) wherein at least one of said other column walls of said second cushioning element is capable of buckling beneath a protuberance that is located on the cushioned object.
 40. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element beneath said second cushioning element.
 41. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element on top of said second cushioning element.
 42. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said stacked sequence comprising said first cushioning element in between at least two of said second cushioning element.
 43. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39 further comprising a quilted top covering an area of the stacked cushion including said stacked cushion top.
 44. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said quilted top including fiber.
 45. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said quilted top including foam.
 46. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39 further comprising a latex foam rubber topper covering an area of the stacked cushion including said stacked cushion top.
 47. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium formed as short columns.
 48. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said first hollow columns formed in said first gel cushioning medium formed as tall columns.
 49. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said first column walls having dimensions six inches in length, one tenth inch thick, and a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns forms a square with one and eight tenths inch sides.
 50. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said first column walls having dimension comprising two inches in length, one hundred twenty five thousandths of an inch thick, and a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns forms a square with one inch sides.
 51. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said other hollow columns formed in said other gel cushioning medium formed as short columns.
 52. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said other hollow columns formed in said other gel cushioning medium formed as tall columns.
 53. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said other column walls having dimension comprising six inches in length, one tenth inch thick, and a cross section of each of said other hollow columns taken orthogonal to said other longitudinal axis of said other hollow columns forms a square with one and eight tenths inch sides.
 54. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said other column walls having dimensions comprising two inches in length, one hundred twenty five thousandths of an inch thick, and a cross section of each of said other hollow columns taken orthogonal to said other longitudinal axis of said other hollow columns forms a square with one inch sides.
 55. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, wherein a cross section of each of said first hollow columns taken orthogonal to said first longitudinal axis of said first hollow columns has a shape selected from the group consisting of triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, round, oval, and n-sided polygonal where n is an integer.
 56. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, wherein a cross section of each of said other hollow columns taken orthogonal to said other longitudinal axis of said other hollow columns has a shape selected from the group consisting of triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, round, oval, and n-sided polygonal where n is an integer.
 57. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said first cushioning element comprising a first void space calculated by dividing the summed volume of said first hollow column interiors by the volume defined by said first cushioning element top, said first cushioning element bottom, and said first outer periphery, said first void space being at least about 0.30.
 58. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, said second cushioning element comprising an other void space calculated by dividing the summed volume of said other hollow column interiors by the volume defined by said other cushioning element top, said other cushioning element bottom, and said other outer periphery, said other void space being at least about 0.30.
 59. A stacked cushion as recited in claim 39, the stacked cushion adapted for use in beds, mattressing, operating table pads, stretcher cushions, sofas, chairs, wheelchair seat cushions, vehicle seats, bicycle seats, forklift seats, truck seats, car seats, lawnmower seats, motorcycle seats, tractor seats, boat seats, plane seats, or train seats.
 60. A two-part cushion comprising: (a) a first cushioning and a second cushioning element in cooperative engagement with each other, (b) said first cushioning element including a quantity of elastomeric gel that is non-flowable at room temperature formed into a shape that includes buckling columns that can buckle under a compressive force in order to support a cushioned object.
 61. A cushion as recited in claim 60 wherein said second cushioning element includes foam.
 62. A cushion as recited in claim 60 wherein said second cushioning element includes at least one spring. 